Recent findings have shown great potential of alternative interventions such as immunotherapy and natural products for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aims to review the anti-AML effect of various natural compounds. Natural compounds were classified into five groups: alkaloids, carotenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds or phenolics based on each compound’s chemical properties. Fifty-eight studies were collected and reviewed in this article. Phenolics are the most abundant group to have an apoptotic effect over AML cells, while other groups have also shown significant apoptotic effects. Some compounds induced apoptosis by regulating unique mechanism like human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or laminin receptor (67LR), while others modified caspases, poly (adp-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and p53. Further study is required to identify side-effects of potent compounds and the synergistic effects of combination of two or more natural compounds or existing conventional anti-AML drugs to treat this dreadful disease.

Cationic-exchange methods allow for the fabrication of metastable phases or shapes, which are impossible to obtain with conventional synthetic colloidal methods. Here, we present the systematic fabrication of heteronanostructured (HNS) Cu 2−x S@CuInS 2 nanodisks via a cationic-exchange reaction between Cu and In atoms. The indium−trioctylphosphine complex favorably attacks the lateral (16 0 0) plane of the roxbyite Cu 2−x S hexagon. We explain the phenomena by estimating the formation energy of vacancies and the heat of reaction required to exchange three Cu atoms with an In atom via density functional theory calculations. In an experiment, a decrease in the amount of trioctylphosphine surfactant slows the reaction rate and allows for the formation of a lateral heterojunction structure of nanoplatelets. We analyze the exact structures of these materials using scanning transmission electron microscopy−energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate that our heteronanodisk can be an intermediate for different HNS materials; for example, adding gold precursors to a Cu 2−x S@CuInS 2 nanodisk results in a AuS@CuInS 2 nanodisk via an additional cationic reaction between Cu ions and Au ions.

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The covalent functionalization of single and bilayer graphene on SiO (300 nm)/Si was effected through sequential treatment with the alkalide reductant [K(15-crown-5)]Na and electrophilic aryl or alkyl halides, of which the iodides proved to be the most reactive. The condensation reactions proceeded at room temperature and afforded the corresponding aryl- or alkyl-appended graphenes. For each sample, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to evaluate the degrees and uniformities of functionalization. Statistical analyses of the Raman data revealed that the introduction of the organic moieties was accompanied by sp-rehybridization of the basal plane atoms. When bilayers consisting of C andC layers were treated, both the top and bottom sheets were decorated with organic groups. The reaction was followed using Raman spectroscopy, and the mechanism was studied by theoretical calculations. Indicative of its structure and reactivity, 4-pyridyl-decorated single-layer graphene was readily benzylated and appears to be an ideal platform to develop functional materials.

Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is morphologically indistinguishable from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) except for its unilaterality. Unlike ADPKD, URCD patients show neither a genetic background nor progressive deterioration in renal function; thus, the differential diagnosis of URCD from ADPKD is important. Only a few cases of URCD have been reported. This study reports two cases of URCD in adults together with a literature review. We identified these two cases using abdominal computerized tomography and family screening with renal ultrasonography.