Because signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in most human solid tumors and is involved in the proliferation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and antiapoptosis of cancer cells, researchers have focused on STAT3 as a target for cancer therapy. We screened for natural compounds that inhibit the activity of STAT3 using a dual-luciferase assay. Cryptotanshinone was identified as a potent STAT3 inhibitor. Cryptotanshinone rapidly inhibited STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation in DU145 prostate cancer cells and the growth of the cells through 96 hours of the treatment. Inhibition of STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation in DU145 cells decreased the expression of STAT3 downstream target proteins such as cyclin D1, survivin, and Bcl-xL. To investigate the cryptotanshinone inhibitory mechanism in DU145 cells, we analyzed proteins upstream of STAT3. Although phosphorylation of Janus-activated kinase (JAK) 2 was inhibited by 7 Mmol/L cryptotanshinone at 24 hours, inhibition of STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation occurred within 30 minutes and the activity of the other proteins was not affected. These results suggest that inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation is caused by a JAK2-independent mechanism, with suppression of JAK2 phosphorylation as a secondary effect of cryptotanshinone treatment. Continuing experiments revealed the possibility that cryptotanshinone might directly bind to STAT3 molecules. Cryptotanshinone was colocalized with STAT3 molecules in the cytoplasm and inhibited the formation of STAT3 dimers. Computational modeling showed that cryptotanshinone could bind to the SH2 domain of STAT3. These results suggest that cryptotanshinone is a potent anticancer agent targeting the activation STAT3 protein. It is the first report that cryptotanshinone has antitumor activity through the inhibition of STAT3.

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master switch for heat shock protein (HSP) expression in eukaryotes. A synthetic chemical library was screened to identify inhibitors of HSF1 using a luciferase reporter under the control of a heat shock element. A compound named KRIBB11 (N 2 -(1H-indazole-5-yl)-N 6 -methyl-3-nitropyridine-2,6-diamine) was identified for its activity in abolishing the heat shock-induced luciferase activity with an IC 50 of 1.2 mol/liter. When the cells were exposed to heat shock in the presence of KRIBB11, the induction of HSF1 downstream target proteins such as HSP27 and HSP70 was blocked. In addition, treatment of HCT-116 cells with KRIBB11 induced growth arrest and apoptosis. Markers of apoptosis, such as cleaved poly(ADPribose) polymerase, were detected after KRIBB11 treatment. Biotinyl-KRIBB11 was synthesized as an affinity probe for the identification of KRIBB11 target proteins. Using affinity chromatography and competition assays, KRIBB11 was shown to associate with HSF1 in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that KRIBB11 inhibited HSF1-dependent recruitment of p-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor b) to the hsp70 promoter. Finally, intraperitoneal treatment of nude mice with KRIBB11 at 50 mg/kg resulted in a 47.4% (p < 0.05) inhibition of tumor growth without body weight loss. Immunoblotting assays showed that the expression of HSP70 was lower in KRIBB11-treated tumor tissue than in control tissues. Because HSPs are expressed at high levels in a wide range of tumors, these results strengthen the rationale for targeting HSF1 in cancer therapy.The heat shock response (HSR) 4 was first reported in 1962 by Ritossa (1). Since then, many investigators have reported that the HSR is an evolutionarily conserved protective mechanism against a wide range of stresses, including heat shock, heavy metal, oxidative stress, fever, or protein misfolding (reviewed in Refs. 2, 3). The HSR is mediated by the heat shock factor family, which in mammalian cells is composed of three heat shock factors (HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4) that control the transcription of heat shock proteins (4, 5). Although HSF2 and HSF4 play a role in the HSR, HSF1 is the master regulator of the heat shock response in eukaryotes.RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcribes all mRNAs and has an extended carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) in its largest subunit. This CTD consists of multiple repeats of the heptapeptide 1 YSPTSPS 7 . Before heat shock induction, pol II associates with the heat shock promoters, transcribes 20 -50 bases downstream of the transcription site, and stays there in an arrested inactive state (6, 7). Releasing pol II requires the recruitment and activation of HSF1. However, HSF1 alone is not sufficient to release arrested RNA pol II (8).HSF1 is required to recruit a second factor, p-TEFb, a heterodimer of CDK9 and cyclin T (8). The artificial recruitment of p-TEFb to the hsp70 promoter is sufficient for the induction of the hsp70 gene in the absence of heat shock (8). Phosphorylation of pol II Ser-2 o...

Background: Drug candidates often cause an unwanted blockage of the potassium ion channel of the human ether-ago go related gene (hERG). The blockage leads to long QT syndrome (LQTS), which is a severe life-threatening cardiac side effect. Therefore, a virtual screening method to predict drug-induced hERG-related cardiotoxicity could facilitate drug discovery by filtering out toxic drug candidates. Result: In this study, we generated a reliable hERG-related cardiotoxicity dataset composed of 2130 compounds, which were carried out under constant conditions. Based on our dataset, we developed a computational hERG-related cardiotoxicity prediction model. The neural network model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.764, with an accuracy of 90.1%, a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.368, a sensitivity of 0.321, and a specificity of 0.967, when tenfold cross-validation was performed. The model was further evaluated using ten drug compounds tested on guinea pigs and showed an accuracy of 80.0%, an MCC of 0.655, a sensitivity of 0.600, and a specificity of 1.000, which were better than the performances of existing hERG-toxicity prediction models. Conclusion: The neural network model can predict hERG-related cardiotoxicity of chemical compounds with a high accuracy. Therefore, the model can be applied to virtual high-throughput screening for drug candidates that do not cause cardiotoxicity. The prediction tool is available as a web-tool at http://ssbio.cau.ac.kr/CardPred.

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A macrocyclic peptide scaffold with well-established structure−property relationship is desirable for tackling undruggable targets. Here, we adopted a natural macrocycle, cyclosporin O (CsO) and its derivatives (CP1−3), and evaluated the impact of conformation on membrane permeability, cyclophilin A (CypA) binding, and the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. In nonpolar media, CsO showed a similar conformation to cyclosporin A (CsA), a well-known chameleonic macrocycle, but less chameleonic behavior in a polar environment. The weak chameleonicity of CsO resulted in decreased membrane permeability; however, the more rigid conformation of CsO was not detrimental to its PK profile. CsO exhibited a higher plasma concentration than CsA, which resulted from minimal CypA binding and lower accumulation in red blood cells and moderate oral bioavailability (F = 12%). Our study aids understanding of CsO, a macrocyclic peptide that is less explored than CsA but with greater potential for diversity generation and rational design.

Activity-guided fractionation of the roots of Anthriscus sylvestris resulted in the isolation and characterization of five cytotoxic compounds, deoxypodophyllotoxin (1), falcarindiol (2), and angeloyl podophyllotoxin (5) from the hexane soluble fraction and morelensin (3), bursehernin (4) from the chloroform soluble fraction. It is the first report of the occurrence of compound 5 in nature.

Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL)-3, a member of a subgroup of protein tyrosine phosphatases that can stimulate the degradation of the extracellular matrix, is over-expressed in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) relative to primary tumors. To determine whether PRL-3-induced enhancement of migration and invasion is dependent on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), PRL-3 was expressed in DLD-1 human CRC cells. The motility, migration and invasion characteristics of the cells were examined, and metastasis to the lung was confirmed in a nude mouse using PRL-3-overexpressing DLD-1 cells [DLD-1 (PRL-3)]. Migration and invasion of the cells were inhibited by phosphatase and farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Expression of MMPs was enhanced 3-to 10-fold in comparison to control cells, and migration and invasion were partially inhibited by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of MMP-2, -13 or -14. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of MMP-7 completely inhibited the migration and invasion of DLD-1 (PRL-3) cells, whereas overexpression of MMP-7 increased migration. The expression of MMP-7 was also downregulated by phosphatase and farnesyltransferase inhibitors. It was found that PRL-3 induced MMP-7 through oncogenic pathways including PI3K/AKT and ERK and that there is a relationship between the expression of PRL-3 and MMP-7 in human tumor cell lines. The expression of MMP-13 and -14 was very sensitive to the inhibition of farnesyltransferase; however, the migration and invasion of DLD-1 (PRL-3) cells did not strongly depend on the expression of MMP-13 or -14. These results suggest that the migration and invasion of PRL-3-expressing CRC cells depends primarily on the expression of MMP-7.

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