Fruits are a rich source of vitamins and sugars, along with diverse phytochemical contents, and have been linked to reducing the risk of major chronic degenerative diseases including cancer.Banana, one of the widely consumed fruits worldwide, belongs to the genus Musa in the family Musaceae (Singh et al., 2016). The genus Musa contains approximately 70 species, with more than 300-500 different varieties (Häkkinen, 2009;Maduwanthi & Marapana, 2019). World production of banana is approximately 116 million tons and India is the country with the greatest banana production, at approximately 30 million tons per year (FAO, 2019).Banana fruit peel and flesh are rich sources of valuable phytochemicals, including polyphenols, flavonoids, fatty acids, carotenoids,
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most malignant cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, while acquired chemoresistance would represent a major problem in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) because of the reduced treatment-effect and increased rates of recurrence.
Methods
Real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed for investigating mRNA and protein expression of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) protein family and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in A549 and A549/CR cells. We also employed gas chromatography mass-spectrometry and nano electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to characterize the unique metabolic and lipidomic profiles of chemoresistant NSCLC cells in order to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Results
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were decreased, and mRNA and protein levels of GPX2 and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) were increased in A549/CR. We identified 87 metabolites and intact lipid species in A549 and A549/CR. Among these metabolites, lactic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, aspartic acid, succinic acid, and ceramide, alongside the PC to PE ratio, and arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids were suggested as characteristic features of chemoresistant NSCLC cells (A549/CR).
Conclusions
This study reveals characteristic feature differences between drug-resistance NSCLC cells and their parental cells. We suggest potential therapeutic targets in chemoresistant NSCLC. Our results provide new insight into metabolic and lipidomic alterations in chemoresistant NSCLC. This could be used as fundamental information to develop therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chemoresistant NSCLC patients.
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