Drought is the meteorological phenomenon with the greatest impact on agriculture. Accordingly, drought forecasting is vital in lessening its associated negative impacts. Utilizing remote exploration in the agricultural sector allows for the collection of large amounts of quantitative data across a wide range of areas. In this study, we confirmed the applicability of drought assessment using the evaporative stress index (ESI) in major East Asian countries. The ESI is an indicator of agricultural drought that describes anomalies in actual/reference evapotranspiration (ET) ratios that are retrieved using remotely sensed inputs of land surface temperature (LST) and leaf area index (LAI). The ESI is available through SERVIR Global, a joint venture between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This study evaluated the performance of ESI in assessing drought events in South Korea. The evaluation of ESI is possible because of the availability of good statistical data. Comparing drought trends identified by ESI data from this study to actual drought conditions showed similar trends. Additionally, ESI reacted to the drought more quickly and with greater sensitivity than other drought indices. Our results confirmed that the ESI is advantageous for short and medium-term drought assessment compared to vegetation indices alone.
The World Trade Organization has explored forging an agreement on eliminating trade-distorting fisheries subsides for twenty years. To hasten towards the compromise among WTO Members, the chair of fisheries subsides circulated the revised draft text eyeing on the conclusion of negotiations before its twelfth ministerial conference at the end of 2021. This study analyzes the draft agreement, focusing on prohibition on subsidies concerning illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, overfished stocks and overcapacity and overfishing. In addition, cross-sectional models are specified to investigate the effects of subsidies. Results show that both direct and indirect payments contribute to catch while support aimed for resource management is largely decoupled from overcapacity. When countries are further divided into the developed and developing countries by the WTO and the HDI criteria, only indirect payments prove their effectiveness in boosting catch. These empirical results shed light on the importance and effectiveness of policy reform in global fisheries subsidies.
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