Corresponding authors: W.J. (email: wji@ruc.edu.cn) and Z.Z. (email: zhong@nimte.ac.cn) † These authors contributed equally to this work.Diverse interlayer tunability of physical properties of two-dimensional layers mostly lies in the covalent-like quasi-bonding that is significant in electronic structures but rather weak for energetics. Such characteristics result in various stacking orders that are energetically comparable but may significantly differ in terms of electronic structures, e.g. magnetism. Inspired by several recent experiments showing interlayer antiferromagnetically coupled CrI3 bilayers, we carried out first-principles calculations for CrI3 bilayers. We found that the anti-ferromagnetic coupling results from a new stacking order with the C2/m space group symmetry, rather than the graphene-like one with 3 as previously believed. Moreover, we demonstrated that the intra-and interlayer couplings in CrI3 bilayer are governed by two different mechanisms, namely ferromagnetic super-exchange and direct-exchange interactions, which are largely decoupled because of their significant difference in strength at the strong-and weakinteraction limits. This allows the much weaker interlayer magnetic coupling to be more feasibly tuned by stacking orders solely. Given the fact that interlayer magnetic properties can be altered by changing crystal structure with different stacking orders, our work opens a new paradigm for tuning interlayer magnetic properties with the S2 freedom of stacking order in two dimensional layered materials.Introduction.-Magnetism in two dimensions has received growing attention since the two ferromagnetic monolayers, namely CrI3 [1] and Cr2Ge2Te6 [2], were successfully fabricated in 2017. The ferromagnetism in these two layers was believed to be stabilized by magnetic anisotropy as enhanced by spin-orbit coupling or external magnetic fields.Their Curie temperatures were up to ~50 K. Very recently, a room-temperature Tc were achieved in monolayer VSe2 [3] and MnSex [4], two members of the transition-metal dichalcogenides family. This shed considerable light on the search for high Tc ferromagnetic (FM) magnets. However, the tunability of magnetism has been emerging as a new challenge. The coupling strengths of two-dimensional (2D) materials are significantly different between intra-and inter-layer interactions. Such difference may offer diverse magnetic coupling mechanisms at strong and weak interacting limits. The interlayer magnetic coupling is of peculiar interest, as the effective coupling is relatively weak and confined within few atomic layers, which is much easier to model and more feasible to tune than strong and periodic couplings in three-dimension.Recent experiments demonstrated that the anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) interlayer order in bilayer CrI3 can be manipulated to a FM order by electric gating or reasonably large magnetic fields [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. As a consequence, a magnetic tunnel junction with giant tunneling magnetoresistance values was achieved in bilayer CrI3 d...

ProtocoL ProtocoL M uch recent and ongoing research is focused on understanding the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy, a cellular self-degradation pathway with many links to human health. Although many assays exist to measure the total magnitude of autophagy, electron microscopy remains the tool of choice for the determination of the size and the number of autophagosomes formed in a given mutant or under given induction conditions. Here we present a detailed protocol for measuring autophagic bodies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electron microscopy. Furthermore, we present an improved mathematical method for estimating body size and a new method for estimating body number. Finally, we include a discussion of the merits and limitations of these methods and an example of their application to autophagic bodies formed in the ume6Δ strain.

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Sex differences in schizophrenia have been well recognized. However, sex differences in obesity associated with antipsychotics have received little systematic study. This study was conducted to compare sex difference effects of antipsychotics and related risk factors on obesity and body mass index (BMI) in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. A total of 204 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia (males/females = 140/66) were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and serum glucose and lipid levels were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess patients' psychopathology. The prevalence of obesity in female patients (21/66, 31.82%) was approximately 2 times that of male patients (22/140, 15.83%; P < 0.001) and women also had higher BMI than men (25.49 ± 4.42 kg/m versus 23.95 ± 3.67 kg/m; P < 0.005). Regression analyses showed that obesity was associated with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05) and triglycerides (P < 0.05) in women, and limited to triglyceride in men (P < 0.01). Further correlation analysis showed that BMI was associated with the PANSS negative symptom subscore (P < 0.001) and the PANSS total score (P < 0.01) in men. In addition, women had higher low-density lipoprotein plasma levels than men. Our findings suggest that there are significant sex differences in bodyweight and obesity in chronic medicated patients with schizophrenia, with worse lipid metabolic dysfunction in female patients.