The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of dough and bread were measured in wheat flours substituted with two types of bran (HMB: bran pulverized by a hammer mill and JMB: bran pulverized by a jet mill) at various ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of substitution. The particle size of hammer mill bran (HMB) (119.71 µm) was larger than that of jet mill bran (JMB) (25.78 µm). Wheat flours substituted with HMB contained more total dietary fiber than those with JMB. A significant increase of water absorption and dough development time in Mixolab ® analysis was observed depending on the level of HMB or JMB substitution. The breads made with HMB or JMB (5% or 10%) showed a higher specific volume and lower crumb hardness than the control bread. However, breads made with ≥15% HMB or JMB had a decreased specific volume and increased crumb hardness. Overall, breads made with wheat flour substituted with 5%-10% HMB or JMB were of a higher bread quality and had more antioxidant properties.
The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical, enzymatic, and metabolic properties of two control wheat malts imported from Germany and the US to those of malts made from three Korean wheat varieties: Triticumaestivum L., var. Anzunbaengi, Jokyung, and Keumkang. The qualities and enzyme activities of the Korean wheat malts were generally similar to those of the control wheat malts. The Korean wheat malts had slightly lower diastatic power and enzyme activities related to saccharification. The analysis of metabolites in the wheat malt samples was performed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, which identified 32 metabolites that differed significantly among the samples. Most amino acids and lipids were more abundant in the Korean wheat malts than in the control wheat malts. These differences among malts could influence the quality and flavor of wheat beers. Further brewing studies are necessary to identify the association between beer quality and individual malt metabolites.
Aims of this study were to test whether sleep fragmentation (SF) increased carcinogenesis and to investigate the possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis in a chemical-induced colon cancer model. In this study, eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into Home cage (HC) and SF groups. After the azoxymethane (AOM) injection, the mice in the SF group were subjected to SF for 77 days. SF was accomplished in a sleep fragmentation chamber. In the second protocol, mice were divided into 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated, HC, and SF groups and were exposed to the HC or SF procedures. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent stainings were conducted to determine the level of 8-OHdG and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the relative expression of inflammatory and ROS-generating genes. The number of tumors and average tumor size were significantly higher in the SF group than in the HC group. The intensity (%) of the 8-OHdG stained area was significantly higher in the SF group than in the HC group. The fluorescence intensity of ROS was significantly higher in the SF group than the HC group. SF accelerated cancer development in a murine AOM/DSS-induced model of colon cancer, and the increased carcinogenesis was associated with ROS- and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of seeds and root extracts (PGSE vs. PGRE) prepared from Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) by ethanol extraction were evaluated. PGSE exhibited greater 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical scavenging activities and more effectively inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) compare to PGRE. The release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was also decreased by 31% at 100 μg/mL of PGSE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. LPS-induced elevated expressions of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, and IL-6) were significantly downregulated, in a dose-dependent manner, by PGSE treatment. The suppression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) translocation and stimulation of heme oxygenase-1 induction were related to anti-inflammatory mechanism of PGSE. Based on these findings, PGSE has the potential to be used as a functional agent for the mitigation of inflammation related diseases.
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