Objectives Inoperable or metastatic paragangliomas (PGLs) and malignant pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare tumours with limited options for systemic treatment. Aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the radiolabelled somatostatin analogue (177LutetiumDOTA0-Tyr3)octreotate (177Lu-DOTATATE) for the treatment of PGLs and PCCs. Methods Patients with histologically proven inoperable or malignant PGLs and PCCs treated with 177Lu-DOTATATE at our centre were retrospectively analysed. Patients were treated with up to four cycles of 177Lu-DOTATATE with an intended dose of 7.4 Gb per cycle. Response was assessed with use of RECIST 1.1. Results Thirty patients were included: 17 with parasympathetic, 10 with sympathetic PGLs and 3 with PCCs. Grade 3/4 subacute haematotoxicity occurred in 6 (20%) of patients. A reversible subacute adverse event due to cardiac failure following possible catecholamine release occurred in two patients. Best tumour response was partial response in 7 (23%) and stable disease in 20 (67%), whereas 3 (10%) patients had progressive disease. In 20 patients with baseline disease progression, tumour control was observed in 17 (85%); the median progression-free survival was 91 months in patients with parasympathetic PGLs, 13 months in patients with sympathetic PGLs and 10 months in patients with metastatic PCCs. Conclusion This study suggests that PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with inoperable or malignant PGL and PCC.

Background/AimPatients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after primary radiotherapy can be eligible for salvage treatment. Whole-gland salvage techniques carry a high risk of toxicity. A focal salvage approach might reduce the risk of adverse events while maintaining cancer control in carefully selected patients. The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature to assess whether focal salvage leads to a comparable or favourable recurrence rate and less toxicity compared to whole-gland salvage.MethodsA literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. A total of 3015 articles were screened and assessed for quality. Eight papers [on focal cryoablation (n = 3), brachytherapy (n = 3) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (n = 2)] were used to report outcomes.ResultsOne-, 2-, 3- and 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (BDFS) ranges for focal salvage are, respectively, 69–100, 49–100, 50–91 and 46.5–54.5 %. Severe genitourinary, gastrointestinal and sexual function toxicity rates are 0–33.3 %. One study directly compares focal to whole-gland salvage cryotherapy, showing 5-year BDFS of, respectively, 54.4 and 86.5 % with lower toxicity rates for focal salvage patients.ConclusionProvisional data suggest that BDFS rates of focal salvage are in line with those of whole-gland approaches. There is evidence that focal salvage could decrease severe toxicity and preserve erectile function.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00345-016-1811-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The molecular imaging and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs represent a milestone in the development of theranostic compounds. Whole-body scintigraphy with 111 In-pentetreotide has revolutionized the diagnosis and staging of NETs and the evaluation of treatment outcomes. At present, diagnostic accuracy with positron-emitting radionuclides is greater than 90%. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has become a well-accepted treatment for patients with welldifferentiated inoperable or metastatic NETs and disease progression after first-line treatment. Disease control rates (complete or partial remission or stable disease in patients with formerly progressive disease) of up to 95%, with a low incidence of long-term hematologic and renal toxicity, have been reported. In a recently published randomized trial, compared with intensified treatment of midgut NETs with longacting and repeatable octreotide, PRRT reduced the hazard of disease progression and death by 79%. Upcoming developments in PRRT include the use of somatostatin receptor antagonists and a-emitting radionuclides, which may further enhance treatment outcomes.

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One of the co-author's family name has been published incorrectly. The correct family name should read as Smit Duijzentkunst (D. A. Smit Duijzentkunst).

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