We add smeared D0 charges to the D4 background and discuss the Sakai-Sugimoto model under this background. The corresponding gauge theory is in a state with an expectation value of htrðF F Þi. The D8-branes go less deep than in the original S-S model and massless Goldstones are still found in the spectrum. The effects of this condensate on the meson spectra, pion decay constant, and couplings of the vector mesons and Goldstones in this background state are then investigated.
The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface is crucial for the operation of lithium-ion batteries. It remains unclear how oxygen in electrolyte influences the SEI formation. We now report that the surface structures of the SEI layers are significantly affected by the oxygen in the electrolyte, by studying the SEI formation on a single-layer graphene electrode with an ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte as a model system. Surface-specific sum frequency generation spectroscopy measurements revealed that the presence of oxygen may significantly increase the polymeric species on the SEI surface. The superoxide radical anion, generated from the oxygen reduction reaction, is proposed to induce radical-initiated polymerization of the EC and form a large amount of polymeric species on the electrode surface.
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