There is growing evidence that type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance is linked to cognitive impairment. We recently confirmed altered lipid composition, down‐regulation of insulin receptor expression and impaired basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of our transgenic murine model of adipocyte insulin resistance (AtENPP1‐Tg). Here we evaluated whether the correction of adipose tissue dysfunction [via the subcutaneous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)] can improve the hippocampal synaptic transmission in AtENPP1‐Tg mice versus their wildtype littermates. Animals were simply randomized to receive MSC, then weighed weekly for 12 weeks. At euthanasia, we assessed leptin in the collected serum and hippocampal synaptic high‐frequency stimulation long‐term potentiation (HFS‐LTP) using brain slices. MSC transplantation normalized AtENPP1‐Tg body and epididymal fat weights and was associated with increased leptin levels, a sign of adipocyte maturation. More importantly, transplantation restored the deficiency observed in AtENPP1‐Tg HFS‐LTP, the cellular readout of memory. Our results further corroborate the role of adipocyte maturation arrest in adipose tissue and highlight a role for the adipose tissue in modulating hippocampal cellular mechanisms. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms for the MSC‐induced improvement of hippocampal HFS‐LTP.
Aims:Lateral transtemporal approaches are useful for addressing lesions located ventral to the brainstem, especially when the pathologic diagnosis of the tumor dictates that a gross or near total resection improves outcomes. One approach, the presigmoid approach receives little attention in the pediatric population thus far. We sought to characterize morphometric changes, particularly the clival depth and the petroclival Cobb angle, that occur in the temporal bones of children and draw implications about doing a presigmoid approach in children.Settings and Design:This study was a retrospective study performed at John Sealy Hospital, a level-one trauma center that takes care of pediatric injuries as well.Subjects and Methods:We performed a morphometric analysis of noncontrast computed tomography head studies in 96 boys and 67 girls. Central clival depth and petroclival angle were obtained in the axial plane at the level of the internal auditory meatus using the method described by Abdel Aziz et al.Statistical Analysis Used:Descriptive statistics and Student's t-test to compare groups were calculated using Microsoft Excel.Results:We found no gender difference in mean central clival depth or petroclival angle (P = 0.98 and P = 0.61, respectively). However, when we broke our cohort by age into those younger than 9 years of age and those 10 years or older, we found the petroclival angle decreased by 6.2° which was statistically significant (P < 0.000000006).Conclusions:These findings suggest that a presigmoid retrolabyrinthine approach is useful for children 9 years of age and younger as the petroclival angle appears to decrease resulting in a shallower clival depression in these patients.
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