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This is a repository copy of Atmospheric carbon dioxide, ice sheet and topographic constraints on palaeo moisture availability in Asia.

Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites constitute an important part of the overall cultural heritage both nationally and globally as they carry cultural, environmental, scientific, technological, political, economic and social viewpoints. UCH includes not only submerged sites and buildings, but also vessels and aircrafts. The Inner Ionian Sea in Greece is a place rich in a significant number of shipwrecks with a timespan ranging from ancient times right through to the 20th century. The results herein present the study of ancient, World War I (WWI), World War II (WWII) and more recent shipwrecks in the inner Ionian Sea. A total of 11 out of 36 known shipwrecks in the area have been systematically studied using marine remote sensing and ground truthing techniques. The marine remote sensing sensors include: side scan sonars, sub-bottom profilers and multi-beam echo-sounders. At each wreck site, the condition of the wreck, the debris field and man-made activities were determined based mainly on acoustic data. The history of each wreck is also briefly documented. The conclusion of the current research work is that there is an immediate need for a shipwreck protection framework in the Inner Ionian Sea; wrecks included in this work are a highly important part of UCH and man-made activities (e.g., fishing) threaten their integrity.

This is a repository copy of The role of Central Asian uplift in East Asian Monsoon circulation and its palaeoclimate implication.

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<p>The Permo–Triassic Boundary (PTB) marks a time of profound climatic change. Near the PTB (~252 Ma), the largest known mass extinction occurred with more than 90% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species became extinct. The mass extinction is linked to a massive warming event at the PTB, where tropical regions became too hot for survival ofspecies. The increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> during the Permian and the PTB is mainly attributed to the decrease of chemically weatherable fresh silicate rock due to orogenesis, and the CO<sub>2</sub> released in the atmosphere from the Siberian Traps. In this study, we use the UK Met Office fully coupled HadCM3L General Circulation Model (GCM) to perform Permo-Triassic climate simulations with different atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> values that encompass most of the estimates of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration during this time, to provide more insights about the climate changes during the end Permian – early Triassic. Specifically, we focus on: a) the spatial extension of dry conditions/lethally hot temperatures under different CO<sub>2</sub> conditions, b) the seasonal surface temperature difference and precipitation changes at higher latitudes and c) the effects of increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> on the large-scale wind and monsoonal circulation. </p>