The respiration rate of TMV‐infected leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. variety Xanthi has been shown to be greater than the respiration rate of healthy leaves. 10−5M DNP gave maximum stimulation of the respiration rate of the healthy leaf but had no effect on the respiration of the virus‐infected leaf with dense lesion cover. The concentration of ATP increased with greater lesion density while the ADP concentration decreased. The increase in ATP concentration was greater than could be accounted for by the decrease in ADP concentration. Thus, increased respiration in the virus‐infected leaf is accompanied by a decrease in the ADP/ATP ratio. Illumination of the virus infected leaf increased the ADP/ATP ratio.

At 2 5 ' C. the respiration rate of leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi infected with tobacco mosaic virus increased before the appearance of local lesions. The increase was directly proportional to lesion number at low, but not at higher, lesion densities. With temperatures at which the infected leaf showed necrotic lesions the difference in respiration rates between healthy and infected leaves was greater than at 35' C., at which temperature infected leaves do not develop necrotic lesions. The concentration of a,q-dinitrophenol (DNP) that gave maximum stimulation of the respiration of the healthy leaf was IO-~M, but even this respiration rate was less than that of the infected leaf showing local lesions. DNP had no effect on the respiration of the infected leaf showing a dense lesion cover. At 35' C., DNP increased the respiration rate of infected leaves and the maximum respiration rates for healthy and infected leaves in the presence of DNP were similar. MATERIALS A N D METHODS Plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi were grown in a glasshouse at a mean temperature of 19' C. Fully expanded leaves were used in all experiments. Leaves of the same age on different plants were selected for controls and for inoculation with virus. The other leaves on the plant were not removed. The virus inoculum was the expressed sap of leaves of N . tabacum L. var. White Burley infected with TMV. The

Background: Belatacept is a novel immunosuppressive therapy designed to improve clinical outcomes associated with kidney transplant recipients while minimizing use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). Methods: We searched for clinical trials related to administration of belatacept to kidney transplant patients compared to various immunosuppression regimens, as well as for studies that utilized data from belatacept trials to validate new surrogate measures. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the published evidence of belatacept's effectiveness and safety in renal transplant recipients to better elucidate its place in clinical practice. Results: Analysis of the results from the Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-Line Immunosuppressive Trial (BENEFIT) study, a de novo trial that compared cyclosporine (CsA)-based therapy to belatacept-based therapy in standard criteria donors, found a significant difference in mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 13-15 mL/ min/1.73 m 2 and 23-27 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at 1 year and 7 years, respectively. The BENEFIT-EXT study was similarly designed with the exception that it included extended criteria donors. Renal function improved significantly for the more intensive belatacept group in all years of the BENEFIT-EXT study; however, it was not significant in the less intensive group until 5 years after transplant. Belatacept regimens resulted in lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and incidence of new-onset diabetes after transplant compared to CsA-based regimens. Results from conversion of CNIs to belatacept therapy, dual therapy of belatacept with sirolimus, and belatacept with corticosteroid avoidance therapy are also included in this article. Conclusion:The evidence reviewed in this article suggests that belatacept is an effective alternative in kidney transplant recipients. Compared to CNI-based therapy, belatacept-based therapy results in superior renal function and similar rates of allograft survival. In terms of safety, belatacept was shown to have lower incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; however, incidence of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder and the cost of belatacept may hinder use of this medication.

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