Critical flow of two-phase steam-water mixtures in annuli has been studied, with a cylindrical test section 0.574 in. in diameter with an axially centered rod, 0.187 or 0.375 in. O.D., as a pressure probe. Pressure taps on the wall and the center rod permitted an accurate determination of the pressure profile over the entire length of the section, and, in cases where a movable probe was used, a short distance into the downstream exhaust chamber. Results were correlated by plotting the ratio of the observed critical mass velocity to the theoretical critical mass velocity for homogeneous flow as a function of quality.Exit pressures were found to be lower than most values previously reported. The ratio GJGTH was found to be independent of the probe diameter, the manner of upstream steam-water mixing, and, for test sections greater than 9 in. in length, the test section length. Since probe diameter had no observable effect on GJGTB, the correlation may be applicable to full bore pipes near % in. in diameter. In the range of qualities from 2 to 15% the critical G,,/GTx ratio was depressed with increasing exit (throat) pressure, but a t other qualities no pressure dependency was noted. The effect of changing the downstream exhaust chamber pressure was found to influence the exit pressure but to have little effect on the observed critical mass velocity.

Experimental determinations were made at temperatures of 5~176 of the electrolytic conductivity of simulated sea water activated AgC1-Mg battery electrolytes formulated from 4.5 to 19 ~ (parts per thousand) chlorinity artificial sea water with 0-70g MgCI., added per liter of sea water.

A method has been developed for predicting the emf of small silver chloride-magnesium cells, under a constant current load, as a function of current density, temperature, electrolyte composition, and degree of exhaustion. Over a current density range of 0.116 ascm to 0.527 ascm, and a temperature range of 4~176 this method gives excellent agreement with experimental emf-time traces, to a cutoff voltage of 0.75v. This technique promises to provide the foundation for a new design method for AgC1-Mg sea water-activated batteries.The Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington is engaged in an effort to develop improved design methods for high-drain water-activated magnesium-silver chloride batteries which are less dependent on prototype testing than the design methods now available. A Semi-Empirical Mathematical Model (SEMM) is presented here which promises to be the foundation for the new design methods.A brief description of the reactions involved in this type of battery and their method of construction is given in an earlier paper (1). In another paper (2), the authors give information on the composition and electrical conductivity of the characteristic electrolytes.High drain AgC1-Mg batteries are characterized by temporal and spatial variations in current density, temperature, electrolyte composition, and degree of expenditure. In order to develop an improved quantitative design method for AgC1-Mg sea water batteries based on numerical analysis, a method of predicting the emf of small AgC1-Mg cells over the range of operating conditions found in full-size batteries is required. The results of a program developing and verifying such a method for the case of constant current discharges are presented here. This method not only promises to be useful for the design of small high-drain cells and batteries, but represents an important step toward the ultimate goal of computer design of large high-drain AgC1-Mg water-activated batteries.Semi-Empirical Mathematical Model SEMM predicts discharge characteristics of a AgC1-Mg cell by dividing the discharge into three regions (Fig.

The method being implemented in the IJnited States and abroad for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste is to incorporate the waste into glass. A liquid-fed ceramic rnelter is used to produce this waste glass and to pour it into metal canisters. However, the ther1"1al gradients that occur during the canister filling and cooling process give rise to significant thermal and residual stresses in the glass. These stresses generally result in significant cracking of the glass in the canister. Considerable attention has been given 1 to 48. Fiberfrax, a ceramic paper, has been proposed as a canister lining in order to alleviate thermal stresses in the glass during filling, cooldown, and

The method being implemented in the IJnited States and abroad for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste is to incorporate the waste into glass. A liquid-fed ceramic rnelter is used to produce this waste glass and to pour it into metal canisters. However, the ther1"1al gradients that occur during the canister filling and cooling process give rise to significant thermal and residual stresses in the glass. These stresses generally result in significant cracking of the glass in the canister. Considerable attention has been given 1 to 48. Fiberfrax, a ceramic paper, has been proposed as a canister lining in order to alleviate thermal stresses in the glass during filling, cooldown, and

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