A Citrobacter sp. accumulated uranyl ion (UO 2M2 ) via precipitation with phosphate ligand liberated by phosphatase activity. The onset and rate of uranyl phosphate deposition were promoted by NH M 4 , forming NH 4 UO 2 PO 4 , which has a lower solubility product than NaUO 2 PO 4 . This acceleration decoupled the rate-limiting chemical crystallization process from the biochemical phosphate ligand generation. This provided a novel approach to monitor the cell-surface-associated changes using atomic-force microscopy in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy and electron-probe X-ray microanalysis, to visualize deposition of uranyl phosphate at the cell surface. Analysis of extracted surface materials by 31

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