In Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, 5 patients proved to have been bitten by common kraits (Bungarus caeruelus) and 2 by Sri Lankan cobras (Naja naja naja) were investigated. In all the cases of krait bite the patients were bitten while they were asleep: local signs were negligible but 4 developed symptoms of systemic envenoming including paralysis, muscle pain and tenderness and abdominal pain. Mild myoglobinaemia was found in one case. Of the 2 patients bitten by cobras, one developed severe local swelling which progressed to necrosis and the other local swelling and respiratory paralysis. Response to polyspecific antivenom (Haffkine, India) was neither rapid nor convincing. Venom antigenaemia became undetectable within 2 h of the start of antivenom treatment, but recurred 25 and 65 h later in 2 cases. Among a group of 27 patients treated with this antivenom (including 21 bitten by Russell's vipers), the incidence of early anaphylactic and pyrogenic reactions was high at 52% and 65% respectively. Anticholinesterase did not improve paralysis in 2 patients bitten by kraits. The respiratory failure in 2 patients was successfully treated by mechanical ventilation for 8 and 30 h. These observations confirm the importance of neurotoxic symptoms following bites by these species but also suggest a contributory role of generalized rhabdomyolysis in krait victims and emphasize the problem of severe local tissue necrosis in cobra victims. There is a need for safer and more potent antivenoms for use in Sri Lanka.

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The early disease among asymptomatic patients is characterized by interstitial fibrosis without significant interstitial inflammation and glomerular sclerosis with preserved glomerular function. Although the role of interstitial inflammation in the initiation of the disease is not clear, it appears to have a role in the progression of the disease.

Earlier studies of quinine concentrations after intramuscular injection were encouraging,"2528 although none of this work excluded the possibility of transient but toxic peak concentrations. Our results show that a loading dose results in therapeutic plasma concentrations within four hours of injection and that absorption is reliable in patients with moderately severe malaria without the risk of high peaks seen after intramuscular chloroquine (see accompanying paper, p 11

Eight patients, aged 17 to 28 years, who developed a midline cerebellar syndrome 1 to 4 weeks after a successfully treated attack of falciparum malaria are described. Their symptoms reached a peak within 1 to 3 weeks. None of them had any evidence of cerebral involvement, even in the acute phase. Recovery was gradual, spontaneous and complete within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms.

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Acute kidney lesions following snake bites are well documented. We reported the development of chronic kidney disease following snake bites in a Sri Lankan cohort 2 . This retrospective study documents the histopathology of kidneys following snake bites, on a time line basis, with special reference to the presence of T and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes, predominantly CD3, were present in the renal interstitium from the 1 st week after the bite to as late as 90 weeks, long after cessation of tubular and glomerular necrosis. This finding suggests the possibility of continuing renal damage by the process of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis mediated by these cells.