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The aim of this paper is to compare mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of three maize varieties. Biogas production and composition in mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) conditions were measured and compared. The measurements were performed with mini digester according to DIN 38414 part 8. Three different maize varieties were used: NK PAKO, PR34N43 and RAXXIA. Biogas yields ranged between 315 -409 Nl kg VS -1 in mesophilic conditions and 494 -611 Nl kg VS -1 in thermophilic conditions. Thermophilic digestion is 4 times more intense, has higher VSS removal efficiency and yields more biogas. Biogas quality produced in thermophilic temperature range is better than biogas quality produced in mesophilic temperature range.

This research demonstrates the basic elements of a prototype automated orchard sprayer which delivers pesticide spray selectively with respect to the characteristics of the targets. The density of an apple tree canopy was detected by PROWAVE 400EP250 ultrasound sensors controlled by a Cypress PSOC CY8C29466 microcontroller. The ultrasound signal was processed with an embedded computer built around a LPC1343 microcontroller and fed in real time to electro-magnetic valves which open/close spraying nozzles in relation to the canopy structure. The analysis focuses on the detection of appropriate thresholds on 15 cm ultrasound bands, which correspond to maximal response to tree density, and this was selected for accurate spraying guidance. Evaluation of the system was performed in an apple orchard by detecting deposits of tartrazine dye (TD) on apple leaves. The employment of programmable microcontrollers and electro-magnetic valves decreased the amount of spray delivered by up to 48.15%. In contrast, the reduction of TD was only up to 37.7% at some positions within the tree crown and 65.1% in the gaps between trees. For all these reasons, this concept of precise orchard spraying can contribute to a reduction of costs and environmental pollution, while obtaining similar or even better leaf deposits.