This paper reports performance evaluation of four–stroke, single–cylinder, water cooled, variable compression ratio (3–9), variable speed (2200–3000 rpm) spark ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown, inner side of liner and cylinder head] with alcohol blended gasoline [20% methanol with 80% gasoline; 20% of ethanol with 80% of gasoline by volume) with varied spark ignition timing provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst along with air injection and compared with engine with conventional combustion chamber (CE) with gasoline operation. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions (CO and UBHC) were evaluated at full load operation of the engine. Aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were measured by wet method of 2,4, dinitrophenyle method at full load operation of the engine. Alcohol blended gasoline operation improved performance and reduced CO and UBHC emissions when compared with gasoline operation with both versions of the combustion chamber. At recommended and injection timing, CCE with test fuels improved performance and reduced pollution levels, when compared with CE. Catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst along with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with test fuels.
Energy demand is increasing day by day due to globalization and population. So that by using non renewable sources we cannot reach demand because of increased cost per generation. And also from these sources pollution occurs is also more. So that if we use renewable sources, we can meet this energy demand. This paper gives review on different optimization methods of HES such as by using Artificial intelligence methods, by using software tools, by ensuring maximum energy production from low cost energy sources, by using DSM strategy and by using hybrid models. Finally, comparison and results are discussed.
-Code plagiarism is a serious and ongoing problem in the area of computer science which affects the quality of the code and software developed. This type of problem occurs mainly due to rapid development of software without following certain paradigms. In recent years, numbers of software developers are copying the code from the open source code available on the internet database. Verifying the written code manually is a very difficult and to identify the similarities is a labor task and longtime consumption. It may be likely to be impossible and difficult due to the availability of larger repositions. Ontology is an approach which is used to describe the semantics of the documents, which can be used as a file for source code too. Web ontology language (OWL) is self-defined application code which describes taxonomy and vocabulary of code related to programming language.We use web based SARQL an SQL query language which extracts information from the save ontology for identification of clones in code.We propose a code cloning detection method based on created ontology using editor Preodwhich is used to identify code developed and cloned. Keywords: PREOD,Plagiarism, OWL, Ontology,SARQL 1. Introduction In present days very huge volumes of information is stored in digital form which has many advantages and disadvantages comparatively.As the information is available when needed more quickly (by clicking a button or execution of an event), this is the advantage of cloud and cloud repositions. In the present days software code is available open source in digital repositions, this code is reused in developing new software without altering the functionality of the code. These may lead to identify the original software with that of duplicate software. The open source code have advantages and disadvantages. In relate to the disadvantage, there lies a conflict in identifying the original with duplicate document, as and when the operation is done manually. This is the case we are trying to identify clone detection system for identification of duplicate or copied clone. The word "ontology" is related to the reference of existence and the one which exist. In the field of code cloning information, ontology and data are expressed in terms of semantics and syntax related to the domain specified (related to a programming language), it gives a vocabulary to the domain and also generalizes the computer meaning used for vocabulary. Ontology's assorts from classification, taxonomies, and schemas of database in the form of theories which is axiomatized.In future ontology's and present many scientific and business organizations are using it for sharing, reusing the knowledge domain.Ontologies are been the framework now a days in running the business effectively for various application in knowledge sharing, integration , services of web, management of information and commerce services. We propose and use ontology for gaining knowledge graph in identifying the code which has been cloned or reused in software development. Web ontol...
Abstract-Cloning of Code is effective way of identifying the faults in the software, code duplication has been a wide research area in the field of software engineering to identify clones and analysis the clones. Clones software is a region of source which give use to identify high similarity. The region of identity is named clones. Cloning of software is the regions in identifying the similarities in a software code, an identification of duplicate in a code are called clones, class clones, or pair clones. In our paper, we present a fusion method based on metric with a combination of text method in detection of clones and reporting it is proposed. The work of proposed is categorized into two different stages, selection of clone potential and clone potential comparing based on text comparison. The technique of proposed is detected using clones exact basis on match metric and text matches. Keywords -code clone, Hybrid, Textual clones, Functional clone.I. INTRODUCTION Clone codes are studied in the past for a long period and there has been an evidence of finding majority of faults in the software. The duplication of code has been vigorously studied in the area of software engineering in find clones of software with the area of clone analysis. Clones in software source code has become the highest similar in the area of research, the region of duplication is called clone identification. Code cloning in software is the regions where code is found with high similarity; the region of duplicate are called clones, class clones and pair clones. There may be various ways in which the two parts of code may be similar, majority of the researcher from the literature state that copying of the code from one to another is done intentionally by the programmer for rapid development of applications which leads to problem of code, clone can also occur due to the inclusive of libraries based on the framework which is proposed in the tool. A clone in the software aspect has created new paradigms in software evolution. If a system has been evolved, the clones related to it have to be known based on the changes made consistently. Cloning is a strategic change that has evolved in a software. In recent, various type of code cloning techniques have been developed in empirical comparasion and for checking the percentage of clones occurred in a software. Works of cloning will increase the lines of code without give the productivity of software. It also result in excessive cost of maintenance. Along with that it also increase the negative impact like increase in complexity and length, which lead to difficult in editing the code , increase in human error and also increase in maintenance cost. Forgetting and code overlook will increase the size of the code, it also re-duplicates the code error which leads to increase in error and decrease in efficiency. Code clone identification Code clone identification will serve major purpose like study of evolution of clones, detection of plagiarism and performance, factor of extraction procedure and refacto...
It has been found that the vegetable oils and alcohols (ethanol and methanol) are promising substitute fuels for diesel fuel, because they are renewable in nature. However drawbacks associated with crude vegetable oil (high viscosity and low volatility) and ethanol (low cetane number and low energy content) which cause combustion problems in CI engines, call for engine with hot combustion chamber. Investigations were carried out on single–cylinder, four–stroke, water cooled, 3.68 kW direct injection diesel engine at a speed of 1500 rpm to evaluate the performance of a engine with medium grade low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber. It consisted of an air gap insulated piston and an air gap insulated liner fuelled with crude jatropha oil and carbureted ethanol with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Carbureted ethanol was inducted into the engine through a variable jet carburetor. This carburetor was installed at the inlet manifold of the engine and ethanol was inducted at different percentages of crude vegetable oil at full load operation on mass basis. Aldehydes (measured by dinitrophenyl hydrazine method), particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen were measured at full load operation of the engine. With maximum induction of ethanol, engine with LHR combustion chamber showed improved performance over conventional engine at 27°bTDC and optimized injection timing.
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