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The present study was aimed to phytochemical and GC-MS analysis for chloroform extract of Tinospora cardifolia. The structure of the compounds was further confirmed by UV-spectroscopy and FTIR study. The in silico study like molecular, physico-chemical and drug likeliness property was carried out by computational approaches for the identified molecules. Further toxicity potential and pharmacokinetic profile were also determined. The study was carried out using OSIRIS data warrior and Swiss ADME tools. The docking analysis was carried out for the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory profiles. The compounds were targeted for α-glucosidase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, glucose transporter-1, cyclo-oxygenase-1 & 2 inhibitions. There were around 12 compounds identified by GC-MS analysis. All the compounds exhibited moderate to good drug likeliness and pharmacokinetic potentials. The molecules showed a good bioactivity score against enzyme receptors. The ADMET prediction showed PGP and CYP-inhibitory effects with the least toxic profile. The docking analysis showed strong binding affinity of [1S-(1α,3aα,4α,6aα)]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan tetrahydrophenyl (molecule-7) on targeted proteins under investigation.

Abstract:The use of nanoparticle dispersed coolants in automobile radiators improves the heat transfer rate and facilitates overall reduction in size of the radiators. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of water/propylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluid was analyzed experimentally and compared with pure water and water/propylene glycol mixture. Two different concentrations of nanofluids were prepared by adding 0.1 vol. % and 0.3 vol. % of TiO 2 nanoparticles into water/propylene glycol mixture (70:30). The experiments were conducted by varying the coolant flow rate between 3 to 6 lit/min for various coolant temperatures (50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) to understand the effect of coolant flow rate on heat transfer. The results showed that the Nusselt number of the nanofluid coolant increases with increase in flow rate. At low inlet coolant temperature the water/propylene glycol mixture showed higher heat transfer rate when compared with nanofluid coolant. However at higher operating temperature and higher coolant flow rate, 0.3 vol. % of TiO 2 nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate by 8.5% when compared to base fluids.

Diesel engines, since many years, have found their own market with their robustness, low manufacturing cost and high efficiency. Although diesel engines have so many advantages, they are being blamed for their high pollutant emissions. Main pollutants from diesel engine are NOx, CO, CO2, HC and PM. Out of these pollutants, CO, CO2, HC, and PM can be reduced using some after treatment system in the tail pipe. But NOx needs to be addressed within the cylinder which would reduce the cost of after treatment system. Since NOx formation is the function of high combustion temperature, this temperature should be reduced by some means. In this study, atomized water injection system was employed to reduce in-cylinder combustion temperature there by reducing NOx formation. Here, water was injected into the air-intake pipe along with the EGR stream. 1-D simulation model of the study engine was created using AVL BOOST. Three full load operating points were considered and simulations were performed for 2.8mg, 4mg and 6mg of water injection at each operating points. Performance and emission parameters were then validated with the test data. Results showed that increase in water injection quantity reduces NOx emission but increases the smoke value. 2.8mg of water injection was chosen to be optimum, which reduces about 90°C of in-cylinder temperature, 8-10% of NOx reduction and increases smoke by about 20% from base value.

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