Abstract. Three types of reference simulations, as recommended by the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), have been performed with version 2.51 of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts -Hamburg (ECHAM)/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model: hindcast simulations , hindcast simulations with specified dynamics , i.e. nudged towards ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and combined hindcast and projection simulations . The manuscript summarizes the updates of the model system and details the different model set-ups used, including the on-line calculated diagnostics. Simulations have been performed with two different nudging setups, with and without interactive tropospheric aerosol, and with and without a coupled ocean model. Two different vertical resolutions have been applied. The on-line calculated sources and sinks of reactive species are quantified and a first evaluation of the simulation results from a global perspective is provided as a quality check of the data. The focus is on the intercomparison of the different model set-ups. The simulation data will become publicly available via CCMI and the Climate and Environmental Retrieval and Archive (CERA) database of the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ). This manuscript is intended to serve as an extensive reference for further analyses of the Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) simulations.

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Abstract. An airfreight container with automated

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[1] Characteristic vegetation and biofuels in major ecosystems of southern Africa were sampled during summer and autumn 2000 and burned under semicontrolled conditions. Elemental compositions of fuels and ash and emissions of CO 2 , CO, CH 3 COOH, HCOOH, NO X , NH 3 , HONO, HNO 3 , HCl, total volatile inorganic Cl and Br, SO 2 and particulate C, N, and major ions were measured. Modified combustion efficiencies (MCEs, median = 0.94) were similar to those of ambient fires. Elemental emissions factors (EF el ) for CH 3 COOH were inversely correlated with MCEs; EF el s for heading and mixed grass fires were higher than those for backing fires of comparable MCEs. NO X , NH 3 , HONO, and particulate N accounted for a median of 22% of emitted N; HNO 3 emissions were insignificant. Grass fires with the highest EF el s for NH 3 corresponded to MCEs in the range of 0.93; grass fires with higher and low MCEs exhibited lower EF el s. NH 3 emissions for most fuels were poorly correlated with fuel N. Most Cl and Br in fuel was emitted during combustion (median for each = 73%). Inorganic gases and particulate ions accounted for medians of 53% and 30% of emitted Cl and Br, respectively. About half of volatile inorganic Cl was HCl indicating significant emissions of other gaseous inorganic Cl species. Most fuel S (median = 76%) was emitted during combustion; SO 2 and particulate SO 4 2À accounted for about half the flux. Mobilization of P by fire (median emission = 82%) implies large nutrient losses from burned regions and potentially important exogenous sources of fertilization for downwind ecosystems.