Instrumental examination of motor activity is an important component of many methodical approaches from fundamental research studies to practical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.Physiological mechanisms of central organization of motor activity are presently considered in terms of afferent-efferent principles of functioning of the central nervous system. The concept of N. A. Bernshtein on the vertical organization of motor activity [1] is presently widely recognized as the most adequate. According to this concept, each type of motor activity is implemented at either the cortical or the subcortical structural level. This theory states that integral behavior can be represented in spatial-temporal continuum as a sequence of behavioral events, the system of afferentation determining the behavioral act being changed during ontogeny. According to A. V. Zaporozhets [2], orientation-research and searching activities contribute significantly to the formation of voluntary motions. Therefore, development of motor functions is an important indicator of the functional state of the brain and physical status as a whole. There are several diagnostic scales widely accepted by foreign researchers for assessing the extent of motor activity and coordination. However, motometric examination based on these scales is rather laborious, time-consuming, and subjective. Therefore, development of instrumental methods providing objective evaluation of motometric parameters is rather important.Timely detection of psychomotoric dysfunction at an early age is very important, because the rehabilitation and correction therapy has been found to be most effective at the early stages of the pathology.We tested a total of 65 apparently healthy children with ages ranging from four to six years (31 girls and 34 boys) from a Moscow kindergarten and 40 children under school and of early school age with infantile cerebral paralysis (ICP) and motor dyscoordination (before and after a 10-day cycle of treatment). Examinations were carried out with a computer-assisted posturograph Stabilotest and an Ataksitest device for testing ocular, motor, and hand tremor. These devices were developed and manufactured at the All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for Medical Instrument Engineering, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. D~rgicesThe Stabilotest device (Fig. 1) is a special stabilographic platform, which is connected via a transformer and a controller to a computer. This device implements the method of visual kinetic monitoring of the projection of the center of mass (PCM) of the human body onto a horizontal plane with voluntary maintaining of vertical posture. The stabilographic method is routinely used for testing vertical stability of patients with nervous diseases, craniocerebral injury, orthopedic indications, vestibular disorders, etc. Both amplitude and temporal characteristics of sagittal and lateral oscillations are measured. The results of the measurements of signals of sensors installed on a special stabilographic platform are displayed on...
Psychological stresses, personal turmoil, and social unrest of contemporary life has a significant detrimental effect on human nervous system. Mental health protection, timely diagnosis of mental illness, and rehabilitation and information support provide the necessary basis for efficacious medical treatment. In addition to somatic health protection, these problems are of considerable social importance.Psychophysiological examination of normal and pathological activity of the higher nervous system (HNS) is an effective instrumental method for monitoring working capacity and physiological state of patients. Such examination allows HNS characteristics to be assessed at the level of the entire behavioral pattern, rather than through individual behavioral events.Analysis of some scientific concepts [1, 2, 5] and our own experience in the development and use of psychophysiological devices (psychoengineering concept [31) has given rise to a number of principles designed to facilitate the development of medical and psychophysiological devices [4]. 1. Examination procedure should be based on an experimental model of consistent goal-oriented behavior with repeated basic stages of afferent synthesis, decisions on locomotor behavioral event, and evaluation Of its result. Each further afferent synthesis and decision making event depends on the results of the previous behavioral event.2. Results of examination should represent both cumulative characters and sequential organization of behavioral quanta and their temporal parameters.3. Examination hardware should be sufficiently flexible to implement various functional combinations. Each specific device should be able to isolate specific mechanisms of higher nervous actiwty and to assess it by individual characters and various combinations of the characters.A new generation of medical hardware has been developed and introduced into serial production on the basis of new medical and physiological concepts. The most effective and typical examples of such hardware are considered in the present work.A computer system for psychophysiological examinations was designed to implement various automatic techniques of psychological and psychophysiological examination of the human HNS in normalcy and in pathology.This system provides automatic quantitative evaluation of perception, attention, memory, psychomotor characteristics, etc. The range of available techniques can be extended and adapted to specific problems.A special personal computer terminal for monitoring sensomotor coordination and tremor implements procedures for measuring static and dynamic tremor and visual and audiomotor coordination (with closed eyes).The software allows implementation o[ various modes of automatic examination (including examination with audio and visual feedback), adjustment of examination modes, calculation, analysis, and archiving of examination results.A special medical physiological personal computer terminal for assessing stability of a patient's center of gravity can be used in orthopedics, neurology,...
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