Alpha particle physics experiments were done on the TokamakFusion Test Reactor (TFTR) during its deuterium-tritium (DT) run from 1993-1997. These experiments utilized several new alpha particle diagnostics and hundreds of DT discharges to characterize the alpha particle confinement and wave-particle interactions. In general, the results from the alpha particle diagnostics agreed with the classical singleparticle confinement model in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quiescent discharges. Also, the observed alpha particle interactions with sawteeth, toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE), and ion cyclotron resonant frequency (ICRF) waves were roughly consistent with theoretical modeling. This paper reviews what was learned and identifies what remains to be understood. † åe (s) ≈ 0.4 (T e /10 keV) 3/2 / (n e /10 20 m -3 ) [3]This e-folding time on electrons is typically † åe ≈ 0.4 s at the plasma center of high performance TFTR shots in which T e (0) ≈ 10 keV and n e (0) ≈ 10 20 m -3 , corresponding to a few hundred thousand toroidal transits of the machine. The time required for alphas to reach thermal energy, including ion drag, is [1]:where E åo is the alpha birth energy and E crit is the alpha energy below which ion drag dominates the thermalization process (typically E crit ≈ 35 T e for alphas). For an idealized plasma small gyroradius without alpha loss, these collisions produce the well-known slowing-down distribution [1]: * J. Cordey, private communication (1998)
Abstract. Short toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) avalanche bursts in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) cause a drop in the neutron rate and sometimes a loss of neutral beam ions at or near the full injection energy over an extended range of pitch angles. The simultaneous loss of wide ranges of pitch angle suggests stochastic transport of the beam ions occurs. When beam ion orbits are followed with a guiding center code that incorporates plasma's magnetic equilibrium plus the measured modes, the predicted ranges of lost pitch angle are similar to those seen in the experiment, with distinct populations of trapped and passing orbits lost. These correspond to domains where the stochasticity extends in the orbit phase space from the region of beam ion deposition to the loss boundary. IntroductionIn National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)[1-3] plasmas, short (≤2 ms) bursts of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes [4,5] are sometimes seen with multiple toroidal mode numbers, n, present simultaneously. These are termed TAE avalanches.[6] These avalanches are always accompanied by drops in the neutron rate of the order of 5 to 25 percent. Neutron production in NSTX results predominantly from reactions of the injected 90 keV deuterons with bulk plasma deuterons, which typically have a temperature in the range of 1-2 keV. Because the avalanches do not usually change the bulk plasma profiles appreciably, the drops in neutron rate have typically been attributed to neutral beam ion redistribution or loss. NSTX is equipped with a gyro radius and pitch angle dispersing scintillator-type fast ion loss diagnostic. [7] Interestingly, this diagnostic shows fast ion loss for some but not all avalanches. In addition, when losses are seen, the pitch angle range of the lost particles can vary substantially. In this work, we compare avalanches in two similar discharges in NSTX, one that evidences loss on the scintillator detector and one that does not. In concert with this, we apply recently a developed phase space mapping technique [8] that can identify which portions of the particle orbit phase space are stochastic given an equilibrium, mode structures, and mode amplitudes. This technique predicts little loss to the detector in the avalanche where no losses
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