Very low frequency (VLF-EM) was used to assess variations in overburden composition, bedrock lithology and the hidden Sedimentary structures within the foundation of Shagari Dam of the sedimentary basin of Northwestern Nigeria. Four VLF-electromagnetic (EM) traverses were occupied at 10 m intervals. The VLF normal and filtered real component irregularities identify major geological interfaces suspected to be faults/fractured zones. The points of crossover between the real and imaginary components delineate the fractured zones, which were identified as areas of possible seepage (sloughing and piping). The fractured zones are suspected to be present at all traverses. In total, 38 fractured zones were identified along the dam embankment and canal site, while 17 major fractures occurrence dippers along the Traverses at a point, Traverse 1 (F 3 , F 4 , F 5 , F 7 , F 10 , F 11), Traverse 2 (F 12 , F 13 , F 21 , F 22), Traverse 3 (F 23 , F 24 , F 29) and Traverse 4 (F 32 , F 33 , F 34 , F 38), and coincide with cross over point at 4 traverses. These seepage zones cause heterogeneity in the subsurface structure that could be prime to dam failure which in turn leads to the flooding, decreases in irrigations activities of the peoples leaving around the dam and loss of several hundreds of life when care not taken. The result of the study suggests that VLF is suitable for observing seepages in embankment dams.
In aiming to provide an economical supply of potable water for the inhabitant of University of Ilorin and its environs, 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic development was adopted. A 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic Techniques involves the application of gridded Wenner electrode arrangement in determining the variation of subsurface resistivity distribution. The surveying were carried out on field by employing 7 profiles containing 22 layouts all together with a constant surveying lengths of 150 m. The data obtained on field were inverted to obtain a pseudo-section where clearer models of the depth and apparent formation resistivity can be viewed at the same time using EarthImager Software. Three geo-electric layers were delineated which are Top soil, weathered/fractured Basement and fresh Basement. Out of the 7 profiles obtained the fresh Basement rock was only seen at profile F-F' having resistivity values ranging from 2000.1 to 10000 Ωm. The thickness of the weathered/fractured basement (aquifer) is generally greater than 22.0 m and with a low resistivity values which are less than 30 Ωm at some zones. In conclusion, this study shows some levels of confidence that the groundwater potential within Unilorin substratum is of economic volume that is capable to sustain Unilorin and its environs.
Temperature changes, relative humidity and changes in annual rainfall can exert a negative effect on the agricultural productivity and radio refractivity in the atmosphere. In this study, the variation of some atmospheric parameters over Aliero town (Latitude 12.306 0N, Longitude 4.492 0E) was examined. The measured data concerns averages of maximum air temperature, relative humidity and amount of rainfall for Aliero. The Data used was obtained from the Meteorological Station of the Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, for the period of 3 years (2014 – 2016). The analysis was done based on the monthly and annual variations of all the parameters for each year. The results from this study, reveals that the monthly observations of maximum rainfall in Aliero ranges from ~ 17 to 22 mm and the peak occurs in the month of July, and that of relative humidity (~98 to 99%) the peak occurs in the month of August. Atmospheric temperatures in Aliero were observed to be relatively high, with peak values of about 40 to 41°C recorded in the month of April in all the three years considered. While the variation in rainfall and relative humidity were observed to be simultaneous; Air temperature reduces with increase in the amount of rainfall and relative humidity. Averagely, higher amount of rainfall and temperature were recorded in 2016 and that of relative humidity occurred in 2015. These results are of great significance in; understanding the atmospheric condition of Aliero, which has direct impact in agricultural production, tropospheric radio wave propagation and relevant research purposes.
The application of geostatistics to data obtained from mineral prospecting can provide useful information for evaluating mineralization potential. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial distribution of elements, establish relationships and understand chemical associations during mineral paragenesis in the studied area of Kaiama, Northcentral Nigeria. Major Oxide and Trace element analysis were carried out on 17 samples collected from three geologic media which are stream sediments, soils, and veins. The Geochemical results were subjected to multivariate statistical treatments in the form of correlation matrix (CM), Factor analysis (PCA), along with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in order to classify the elements into groups that may signify common origin. All multivariate statistical tests were performed using SPSS (PASW Statistics 18) for Windows. The trace element geochemical composition shows significant anomalous concentration of Sn, W, Ta, Ti, and Fe. Au, Cu shows moderate to very high correlation. Areas of significant anomalous concentration were in the 2-4 km eastern outskirt of Kaiama and as well as 6-10 km south of Kaiama. Sn-W were more to the eastern outskirt while Sn-Ta were more in the southern part of Kaiama. All other trace elements V, Ni, Sr, Sb, Cd etc. shows low concentration with each other and are not significant in the mineralization of Kaiama. Further exploration work should be concentrated on soils and stream sediments towards delineating the possible ore deposit in the area of Kaiama and environs.
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