Gastro-intestinal transit of a mixed solid-liquid meal containing wheat bread, scrambled eggs, coffee labelled with 99mTc, orange juice with lactulose and indigocarmine was evaluated in 21 young control (mean age 33.5 years) and 25 elderly subjects (mean age 81.7 years) without gastro-intestinal complaints or severe medical illness. The rate of gastric emptying was determined by an anterior gamma camera technique, mouth-to-caecum transit by the hydrogen breath test and whole-gut transit by the first stool passage of indigocarmine. Gastric emptying was significantly prolonged in older subjects: t½ = 136 ± (SEM) 13 versus 81 ± 4 min; p < 0.001. Concerning mouth-to-caecum or whole-gut transit time, significant differences between the two study groups were not detected.
In an in vitro study, 10 gallbladders of adult pigs and 6 gallbladders of lambs, all removed immediately after slaughtering, were stimulated in a water bath by electric means to induce active contraction. Gallbladder emptying was followed by ultrasonography employing five measurement procedures: (1) gallbladder width, (2) longitudinal planimetry, (3) transverse planimetry, (4) ellipsoid method, and (5) sum of cylinders method. In an in vivo investigation, gallbladder emptying of 30 volunteers (12 healthy subjects, 18 diabetics) was evaluated in the same way after ingestion of a fatty meal. Gallbladder width was found to be unsuitable to estimate the decrease in gallbladder volume due to a nonlinear relation of the parameters. Longitudinal planimetry tended to be less valid than transverse planimetry in assessing gallbladder volume reduction. The most valid estimation of gallbladder volume decreases was obtained by the two three-dimensional procedures. However, in neither in vitro nor in vivo could a significant difference between the sum of cylinders method and the ellipsoid method in determining relative volume reduction be established. We conclude that a three-dimensional measurement procedure should be used for valid assessments of gallbladder motility. However, according to our data there is no advantage in using the time-consuming sum of cylinders method compared to the simple ellipsoid method.
Der systemische Lupus erythematodes (SLE) stellt nach Miescher (12) eine generalisierte immunpathologische Krankheit des Gefäßbindegewebes dar, welche durch Antikörper gegen DNS bewirkt wird und des öfteren mit zusätzlichen Autoimmunphänomenen und auch Immunopathien (autolmmunhämolytische Anämie, Autoimmunthrombozytopenie, Autoimmunleukopenie, Colitis ulcerosa) einhergeht (12, 13, 20). Die Àtioiogie des Krankheitsbiides Ist bis heute nicht sicher geklärt. Virale Einflüsse werden
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