A multiple mixed strain Probiotic culture was compounded using several naturally antibiotic resistant beneficial microorganisms belonging to different genera and species, along with their bacteriocins and growth end products or metabolites. Prior to mixing several individually grown single strains of Probiotics, compatibility studies were conducted to eliminate the strain dominance in the mixed cultures using direct differential plating techniques and strain specific bacteriophages,using the procedures  outlined in our earlier publication. The multiple mixed stain Probiotics thus prepared were studied to see weather Probiotic bacteria by themselves or their bacteriocins and other end products of growth (without the live Probiotics) or the combination of live Probiotics and their bacteriocins and other growth end products, were responsible to inhibit the growth and proliferation of the lethal hospital acquired infections i.e., Clostridium difficile (C. diff) and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, several procedures of preparing the functional mixed strain Probiotics, using liquid nitrogen freezing and freeze drying (lyophilization)were evaluated,tocomeupwiththebest procedure suitable to maximize their subsequent inhibitory effect on C. diff and MRSA, both under the laboratory conditions and in the practical clinical hospital conditions. Community based clinical trials were conducted to check the effect of multiple mixed strain Probiotics with and without their bacteriocins and their other growth end products, to cure the lethalC. diff infection under practical hospital conditions. The results revealed and confirmed that our 2016 novel discovery is still the best way to prepare and administer the multiple mixed strain Probiotics to treat the lethal hospital acquired infections. Also this study reconfirmed that the liquid nitrogen freezing is far superior to freeze drying or lyophilization to preserve the maximum efficiency of multiple mixed strain Probiotics. In conclusion, it proved that even the concentrated high bacterial cell number multiple mixed strain Probiotics (without their bacteriocins and other growth metabolites) are not as effective compared to the multiple mixed strain Probiotics frozen using liquid nitrogen, along with their bacteriocins and growth metabolites, to cure the lethal C. diff infection under practical clinical hospital conditions.

No abstract

The study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of grey mullet, (Mugil cephalus) in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of mullets with an average initial weight of 0.95 gm were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m 3 designed as D20, D40, D60 and D80, respectively. Mullets in the cages were fed with 25% crude protein (CP) formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the experiment, growth in terms of body weight of fish was high in D20 than those in D40, D60 or D80, and in terms of weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish was high in D40 than those in D20, D60 and D80. The analysis of variance for growth performance showed among the treatments at 1% and 5% level of significance and better performance was observed at D20. There was a significant difference in the survival rates of mullets at different stocking densities. However, the survival was recorded at D20 (80%) and lowest at D80 (70%). At the end of the experiment survival rates was high in D20, then those in D40, D60 and D80. Total Feed Conversion Ratio was lower in D20 and D40, followed by D60 and D80. The cages stocked with 20 fish/m 3 have highest growth performance and 80 fish/m 3 showed highest biomass performance. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 20 fish/m 3 could be recommended for producing better quality mullet fingerlings and 80 fish/m 3 for highest number of seed production.

No abstract

No abstract