The antifouling activity and toxic properties of mangroves Acrostichum aureum, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sesuvium potrulacastrum are documented in this study. Among the extracts prepared using solvents, the methanolic form of R. apiculata had the highest antimicrofouling and antimacrofouling properties. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of R. apiculata methanolic extract significantly reduced the development of all the investigated biofilm bacterial strains at 125 g ml -1 except for Vibrio sp1, Vibrio sp2, and Pseudomonas sp., where it registered MIC at 250 µg ml -1 to 350 g ml -1 . The extract's minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined to be between 250 and 750 µg ml -1 . Most of the fouling microalgal strains, such as Nitzschia sp., Amphora sp., Tetraselmis sp. and Chaetocerous sp. were found to have had their growth inhibited by the methanolic extract of R. apiculata. However, it registered noticeably higher MICs of 400 µg ml -1 for Chaetocerous sp. and Dunaliella sp. The methanolic extract of R. apiculata has shown promising molluscicidal activity by strongly reducing the adhesion of the limpet Patella vulgate with increasing doses (1-12 mg ml -1 ). The methanolic extract of R. apiculata inhibited the growth of mussel (Perna indica) byssus thread and had an LC50 value of 424.47± 4.85 µg ml -1 after 72 h of exposure. The LC50 value for anticrustacean activity of R. apiculate methanolic extract was 39.4±1.45 µg ml -1 for larvae of Artemia salina. The potential antimicro and antimacrofouling activity of R. apiculata methanolic extract suggested that it is a good source of antifouling agent, and this knowledge was used to develop a potent eco-friendly antifouling molecule.
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