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In recent years, it has become apparent that as the incidence angle increases from nadir, the ratio of the backscattered power for microwave scattering from the ocean surface at horizontal to that at vertical polarization (HWVV) becomes larger than that predicted by standard rough-surface scattering models. Although predictions by models that include the effects of long-wave tilt and hydrodynamic modulation yield some improvement, they still underpredict the backscattered power by a factor of two or more. We believe that this discrepancy may be partially explained by a more exact treatment of the non-linearity of the long-wave portion of the surface.

Summary In a multicentre trial, 13 cannulated horses were treated orally once daily with a paste that delivered omeprazole at a dose of 4 and 5 mg/kg bwt in a 2‐period crossover design to evaluate steady state gastric acid suppression. In each period, basal (unstimulated) and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric output were evaluated at 5–8 h after 5 doses, at 13–16 h after 10 doses, and at 21–24 h after 15 doses. Baseline data for gastric acid secretion were collected once for each horse in the month prior to initiation of omeprazole treatment. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion relative to baseline values, following treatment with omeprazole, were calculated and expressed as per cent. Pharmacokinetic data were also collected in this trial. At 4 mg/kg bwt, the oral paste formulation of omeprazole inhibited both basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion by 99% at 5–8 h after treatment and by 83% (basal) and 90% (pentagastrin‐stimulated) at 21–24 h. Inhibition following the administration of omeprazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg bwt was not significantly greater than when given at 4 mg/kg bwt. The results from this study could possibly lead to the development of an effective and practical antisecretory treatment of ulcer disease in horses.

Abstract. In this paper we describe modifications to a previous theory for the altimeter electromagnetic bias (EM bias) of Srokosz [1986]. A major correction introduces a scaling of Srokosz's model by nonnegligible dimensionless ratios that depend on the slope variance of both long and short waves. With these modifications the EM bias is no longer simply a function of the cross skewness between surface elevation and slope but now depends on the variance ratios that represent the modulation between short and long waves. Inclusion of these ratios can reduce previous EM bias estimates by as much as 50%. Different directions for the longwave and shortwave field are also accounted for in the two-dimensional development of our approach. A radar frequency dependence consistent with observation is also predicted by the new model. Derivation extending our development to the next higher order in wave statistics is also presented and discussed. , 1999], however, we showed that the inconsistency between imposed and required moments exists even for moments of lower order than predicted by Barrick and Weber [1977] and Barrick and Lipa [1985]. From these mentioned limitations it is clear that Srokosz's theory can be applied only to longer gravity waves in order to avoid the inconsistency in the moments and the violation of weakly nonlinear assumptions. This apparently leaves one with no choice but to exclude short waves, yet these waves are known to have a significant effect on the EM bias [see Rodriguez et al., 1992].In this paper we propose a theory that includes both short and long waves without causing any incompatibility with weakly nonlinear theories. It will be shown how low-and highorder moments of both short and long waves enter the theory of the EM bias. Among other improvements it will be shown that this new theory is sensitive to the radar frequency as well 1299