In the United Kingdom, health and justice services nurses are a diverse group working across a range of contexts and settings such as police custody, sexual assault referral centers, young offenders' institutes, and prisons and probation. Recruitment and retention to the specialist field of health and justice services nursing, specifically prison nursing, is problematic in the United Kingdom. In this article, we consider the background to the current situation in prison nursing and summarize some of the existing literature and research relating to this specialty to raise, for discussion and debate, issues that are pertinent to the concept of professional identity and professionalism. Role definition, resilience and burnout, and education within prison nursing are identified in relation to the development of professional identity. It could be that professional identity is the missing link to recruitment and retention.
Differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei in the mammal limits the degree of parasitemia and prepares the trypanosome tor passage back into the tsetse fly. In an attempt to define the signals that control differentiation, we found that theophylline, in contrast to indomethacin, blocked differentiation, prolonged parasitemia, elevated prostaglandin and cyclic AMP concentrations of rat plasma, and depressed intratrypanosomal cyclic AMP. Relatively nontoxic drugs that alter differentiation are powetful tools for elucidating the events that control this important process.
The inability to cultivate infective bloodstream forms of the African trypanosomes in cell-free media has complicated studies of the biology of trypanosomes and the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis. We attempted to overcome this problem by subcutaneous implantation in mice of Millipore chambers that isolate trypanosomes from cells but permit diffusion of soluble substances across their membranes. Chambers were inoculated with 5 X 10(4) to 5 X 10(5) per ml Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense or T. gambiense; the trypanosomes multiplied rapidly, persisted for as long as five weeks, and remained infective, even when the original inocula were freed of donor cells by ion-exchange. The presence of anti-trypanosomal IgG and IgM in the sera and chambers of recipient mice proved that trypanosomal and mammalian products crossed the membranes. Chamber trypanosomes also expressed two important aspects of normal in vivo biological behaviour: (i) differentiation from long slender to short stumpy bloodstream forms and (ii) antigenic variation. Death of trypanosomes was associated with the presence of IgM antibody in the chambers. This model provides a system for study of an entire population of trypanosomes in an extravascular, cell-free environment.
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