An evaluation of bulk blending and sampling procedures was conducted using cement procedures was conducted using cement blends prepared a t seven bulk pl ants located in four different regions of the United States. Blending variables investigated include batch size, number of transfers, and the effect of aeration Three types of sampling devices were also evaluated: an automatic sampler, a specially modified ball valve sampler, and an improved diverted flow sampler. Three transfers of cement blends from one vessel to another were necessary to obtain a representative blend. Other variables evaluated had little effect on blend uniformity after three transfers. A modified ball valve sampler was safer to use than the ordinary valve type samplers, but. the improved diverted flow sampler equipped with air actuators was convenient to use and provided consistent performance. Background The testing of dry-blended cements is a time-consuming and expensive task which is frequently frustrating for both the service company and the operator because of testing either samples from poorly blended materials or non-representative samples from properly blended materials. An informal survey of cement testing laboratories indicated that testing of repeat samples was required in about 25% of the tests because the test results deviated substantially from those of the original pilot design. The time delay and related pilot design. The time delay and related costs at the wellsite caused by the necessity of testing multiple samples has been a concern of many operators. Cement jobs can be delayed because of the necessity to retest and blend again, to discard previously blended cement, or to provide extra previously blended cement, or to provide extra transportation. Use of improper blending and sampling procedures can cause errors in thickening time data critical to successful cementing operations. Cement slurries may be grossly over-retarded or "flash" set due to certain blending errors. Cementing problems arising from improper proportioning of cement additives can be proportioning of cement additives can be minimized by following a strict operational procedure specific to the particular procedure specific to the particular operating unit. This study was conducted as a cooperative study between Shell and Dowell Schlumberger in order to provide information useful in developing operationally feasible procedures for achieving a uniform blend and obtaining a representative sample of dry-blended cements for laboratory testing. Previous Studies Previous Studies Recently, several studies conducted by service companies and operators have been reported. Pace, et al., reported that an in-line proportional blending technique was an effective means of achieving blend homogeneity with a single movement of materials. Chemical analysis of the final blend was reported to be a more reliable means than performance testing to determine blend uniformity because of inherent variations in the performance of neat cement in these tests. P. 27
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