We use the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation to trace the quenching history of galaxies in its 10 most massive clusters. We use two criteria to identify moments when galaxies suffer significant changes in their star formation activity: i) the instantaneous star formation rate (SFR) strongest drop, Γ SD SFR , and ii) a "quenching" criterion based on a minimum threshold for the specific SFR of 10 −11 yr −1 . We find that a large fraction of galaxies ( 60%) suffer their Γ SD SFR outside the cluster's R 200 . This "pre-processed" population is dominated by galaxies that are either low mass and centrals or inhabit low mass hosts (10 10.5 M M host 10 11.0 M ). The host mass distribution is bimodal, and galaxies that suffered their Γ SD SFR in massive hosts (10 13.5 M M host 10 14.0 M ) are mainly processed within the clusters. Pre-processing mainly limits the total stellar mass with which galaxies arrive in the clusters. Regarding quenching, galaxies preferentially reach this state in high-mass halos (10 13.5 M M host 10 14.5 M ). The small fraction of galaxies that reach the cluster already quenched has also been preprocessed, linking both criteria as different stages in the quenching process of those galaxies. For the z = 0 satellite populations, we find a sharp rise in the fraction of quenched satellites at the time of first infall, highlighting the role played by the dense cluster environment. Interestingly, the fraction of pre-quenched galaxies rises with final cluster mass. This is a direct consequence of the hierarchical cosmological model used in these simulations.

We present a detailed analysis of galaxy colours in two galaxy clusters at z ∼ 0.4, MACS J0416.1-2403 and MACS J1206.2-0847, drawn from the CLASH-VLT survey, to investigate the role of pre-processing in the quenching of star formation. We estimate the fractions of red and blue galaxies within the main cluster and the detected substructures and study the trends of the colour fractions as a function of the projected distance from the cluster and substructure centres. Our results show that the colours of cluster and substructure members have consistent spatial distributions. In particular, the colour fractions of galaxies inside substructures follow the same spatial trends observed in the main clusters. Additionally, we find that at large cluster-centric distances (r ≥ r 200 ) the fraction of blue galaxies in both the main clusters and in the substructures is always lower than the average fraction of UVJ-selected star-forming galaxies in the field as measured in the COSMOS/UltraVista data set. We finally estimate environmental quenching efficiencies in the clusters and in the substructures and find that at large distances from the cluster centres, the quenching efficiency of substructures becomes comparable to the quenching efficiency of clusters. Our results suggest that pre-processing plays a significant role in the formation and evolution of passive galaxies in clusters at low redshifts.

The nearby Hydra Cluster (∼50 Mpc) is an ideal laboratory to understand, in detail, the influence of the environment on the morphology and quenching of galaxies in dense environments. We study the Hydra cluster galaxies in the inner regions (1R200) of the cluster using data from the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS), which uses 12 narrow and broad band filters in the visible region of the spectrum. We analyse structural (Sérsic index, effective radius) and physical (colours, stellar masses and star formation rates) properties. Based on this analysis, we find that ∼88 percent of the Hydra cluster galaxies are quenched. Using the Dressler-Schectman test approach, we also find that the cluster shows possible substructures. Our analysis of the phase-space diagram together with DBSCAN algorithm indicates that Hydra shows an additional substructure that appears to be in front of the cluster centre, which is still falling into it. Our results, thus, suggest that the Hydra Cluster might not be relaxed. We analyse the median Sérsic index as a function of wavelength and find that for red ((u − r) ≥2.3) and early-type galaxies it displays a slight increase towards redder filters (13 and 18 percent, for red and early-type respectively) whereas for blue+green ((u − r)<2.3) galaxies it remains constant. Late-type galaxies show a small decrease of the median Sérsic index toward redder filters. Also, the Sérsic index of galaxies, and thus their structural properties, do not significantly vary as a function of clustercentric distance and density within the cluster; and this is the case regardless of the filter.

We present new Fabry-Perot observations for a sample of 42 galaxies located in twelve compact groups of galaxies: HCG 1, HCG 14, HCG 25, HCG 44, HCG 53, HCG 57, HCG 61, HCG 69, HCG 93, VV 304, LGG 455 and Arp 314. From the 42 observed galaxies, a total of 26 objects are spiral galaxies, which range from Sa to Im morphological types. The remaining 16 objects are E, S0 and S0a galaxies. Using these observations, we have derived velocity maps, monochromatic and velocity dispersion maps for 24 galaxies, where 18 are spiral, three are S0a, two are S0 and one is an Im galaxy. From the 24 velocity fields obtained, we could derive rotation curves for 15 galaxies; only two of them exhibit rotation curves without any clear signature of interactions. Based on kinematic information, we have evaluated the evolutionary stage of the different groups of the current sample. We identify groups that range from having no Hα emission to displaying an extremely complex kinematics, where their members display strongly perturbed velocity fields and rotation curves. In the case of galaxies with no Hα emission, we suggest that past galaxy interactions removed their gaseous components, thereby quenching their star formation. However, we can not discard that the lack of Hα emission is linked with the detection limit for some of our observations.

We have obtained Gemini/GMOS spectra of 28 regions located across the interacting group NGC 6845, spanning from the inner regions of the four major galaxies (NGC 6845A, B, C, D) to the tidal tails of NGC 6845A. All regions in the tails are starforming objects with ages younger than 10 Myr. We derived the gas-phase metallicity gradients across NGC 6845A and its two tails and we find that these are shallower than those for isolated galaxies. NGC 6845A has a gas-phase oxygen central metallicity of 12+log(O/H)∼8.5 and a flat gas-phase metallicity gradient (β=0.002±0.004 dex kpc −1 ) out to ∼4 × R 25 (to the end of the longest tidal tail). Considering the mass-metallicity relation, the central region of NGC 6845A displays a lower oxygen abundance than the expected for its mass. Taking into account this fact and considering the flat oxygen distribution measured along the eastern tidal tail, we suggest that an interaction event has produced a dilution in the central metallicity of this galaxy and the observed flattening in its metal distribution. We found that the star formation process along the eastern tidal structure has not been efficient enough to increase the oxygen abundances in this place, suggesting that this structure was formed from enriched material.

In this paper we present CALSAGOS: Clustering ALgorithmS Applied to Galaxies in Overdense Systems which is a PYTHON package developed to select cluster members and to search, find, and identify substructures. CALSAGOS is based on clustering algorithms and was developed to be used in spectroscopic and photometric samples. To test the performance of CALSAGOS we use the S-PLUS’s mock catalogues and we found an error of 1% - 6% on member selection depending on the function that is used. Besides, CALSAGOS has a F1-score of 0.8, a precision of 85% and a completeness of 100% in the identification of substructures in the outer regions of galaxy clusters (r > r200). The F1-score, precision and completeness of CALSAGOS fall to 0.5, 75% and 40% when we consider all substructure identifications (inner and outer) due to the function that searches, finds, and identifies the substructures works in 2D and cannot resolve the substructures projected over others.

We present new Gemini imaging and spectroscopic data of the system Arp 314, which consists of a triplet of interacting galaxies. This new imagery exhibits tidal tails and stellar bridges between the galaxies' members and confirms the past interactions. Using this data set, we have analysed the physical properties of 22 star-forming regions located in the main disc of these galaxies, as well as in the intergalactic medium. All these regions have emission lines typical of young ages and a couple of them display very high Hα luminosities (LHα ∼ 1040 erg s−1). Using the star-forming regions located in Arp 314-1, we derive its gas-phase oxygen-abundance distribution, which suggests a flatter behaviour than the distribution shown by non-interacting systems. This is in agreement with results obtained for other interacting systems and simulations. The presence of gas flows, as indicated by its complex kinematics, could explain this finding. Most of the star formation in Arp 314-2 is located in a central starburst, where double Hα profiles can be identified, as shown by archival Fabry–Perot data. Additionally, we found that the irregular galaxy Arp 314-3 has a low oxygen abundance. Considering its luminosity, this object has a primordial origin, and it was not formed during the interaction event that this system has experienced.

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