MemberThe breakdown voltage of high temperature CO 2 was measured at temperatures around 4000 K and in the temperature from 300 to 700 K at an absolute pressure of 0.1 MPa. A voltage was applied to the high temperature CO 2 through a set of two rod electrodes made of stainless steel with a diameter of 2 mm. The gap length between the electrodes was adjusted to be of 1 mm. The breakdown voltage of the hot CO 2 proved to decrease in inverse proportion to the increase in temperature, in the range from 300 to 700 K. Further increase in temperature of the CO 2 reduced the breakdown voltage more markedly. For example, at 4000 K the breakdown voltage was measured to be of 55 V. This breakdown voltage is only 1.1% of that at room temperature.
LiNbO 3 (LNO) nano-particles with the diameter of about 15 nm were prepared by mechanical milling using planetary ball mill from the commercial LNO powder. Rotation speeds of ball mill were 0 to 400 rpm, where the milling time was kept at 15 minutes. Magnetization was measured by SQUID magnetometer. The 400 rpm milled sample showed a tenth larger saturation magnetization than that of BaTiO 3 with vacancies.
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