Geomembrane protection materials should be considered in design if geomembranes are to properly serve the role of barrier materials. The type, thickness and properties of the required protection material are in significant need of a rational design method. This series of three papers provides a design method for the inclusion of geomembrane protection materials, geotextiles in particular. Part I focuses on theory, this paper, Part II, focuses on experiments, and Part III focuses on design examples. In this paper, truncated cone and stone puncture test results for both short and long term durations are presented. A 1.5 mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, and various nonwoven needle punched geotextiles with varying masses per unit area made from virgin polyester and polypropylene continuous and staple fibers were tested. Using the results of this testing program, a design methodology was developed for calculating the required mass per unit area of a puncture protection material for a given factor of safety. Conversely, the design can be used to determine the unknown factor of safety for a given type of protection material.
Geomembrane protection materials should be considered in design if geomembranes are to properly serve the role of barrier materials. The type, thickness and properties of the required protection material are in significant need of a rational design method. This series of three papers provides a design method for the inclusion of geomembrane protection materials, geotextiles in particular. Part I focuses on theory, Part II focuses on experiments, and this paper, Part III, focuses on design examples and presents a comparison of results presented in Parts I and II. The design developed in Part II is used in this paper to provide several numerical examples that highlight the different strategies used in Germany and in the USA for the selection of protection geotextiles. This paper also includes a number of design charts for a wide variety of practical situations. Finally, puncture resistance results for a geomembrane with different types of protection materials (other than virgin polymer nonwoven needle punched geotextiles) are presented in the Appendix. The design procedures presented result in a site specific and material specific factor of safety.
Geomembrane protection materials should be considered in design if geomembranes are to properly serve the role of barrier materials. The type, thickness and properties of the required protection material are in significant need of a rational design method. This series of three papers provides a design method for the inclusion of geomembrane protection materials, geotextiles in particular. This paper, Part I, focuses on theory, Part II focuses on experiments and Part III focuses on design examples. The theoretical approach presented in this paper proposes an idealized geometry and then derives the necessary equations using tensioned membrane theory. Theoretical solutions for geomembranes with and without protection geotextiles are presented, and the necessity of using a protection material is evidenced. Also, the characteristics of the protruding object and the protection material are quantitatively defined. Graphs of the results obtained from several parametric evaluations of geomembranes with and without protection are presented.
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