SUMMARYA technique is described for thein vivoestimation of the rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves. The animals were given their daily ration in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals. The bacterial cells from the rumen were labelled either with14C or36S byin vitroincubation in the presence of [U-14C]DL-leucine or35S-sodium sulphate. Labelled bacterial cells were injected in a single dose into the rumen. Samples of the ruminal fluid were drawn at various time intervals for 9 h and the specific radio-activity of the bacteria determined. The dilution in the specific radioactivity was used to calculate the turn-over time and rates of production of bacteria in the rumen. The average turnover time was 308 min. The production rate of bacteria averaged 211 mg/min (20·3 g/mole VFA produced).

SummaryThe production rates of bacteria have been measured in the rumen of zebu calves and buffalo calves. The animals were fed green oat continuously at 2 h intervals. [35S]sodium sulphate was fed to the animals for 5 days at 2 h intervals by mixing in the feed. On the sixth day the radioactive feed was stopped and replaced by non-radioactive feed. The decline in the specific radioactivity of bacterial cells in the rumen as a function of time was taken for calculatingt/2. Simultaneously rumen volume was determined and pool size of bacterial cells was calculated in the rumen. A mathematical equation was applied to calculate the production rates of bacteria. The production rates of bacteria, on average, were 100·5 and 72·3 mg/min for buffalo calves and zebu calves, respectively.

1. The production rates of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves w r e estimated using an isotope-dilution technique. A series of fifteen experiments was done with animals given green maize and nine experiments with animals given cowpea (Vigria unguiculatu).2. The turnover time ranged from 205 to 567min in the group given green maize and from 330 to 648 min in animals offered cowpea. The production rates of bacteria were (meanfsE; gid) 145.77k7.240 and 237.09+ 11 447 in animals given green maize and cowpea respectively.3. There was a significant correlation between bacterial production rates and dry matter intake, digestible organic matter and total volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen.4. Regression equations obtained for the two foodstuffs were different suggesting that the bacterial growth rate may vary depending upon the quantity and quality of foodstuff digested and possibly the ratio nitrogen:energy of the foodstuff.

The rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves kept on two rations was measured using 14 C labelled Streptococcus bovis and 35 S whole ruminal bacterial cells. The animals received daily either 15-20 kg green maize or 25-30 kg green cow pea in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals. The bacterial cells from the rumen of animals maintained on the same diet were tagged with 36 S by in vitro incubation in the presence of 35 S-sodium sulphate. Similarly Streptococcus bovis of rumen origin was grown in the presence of U-14 C DL-leucine. The ceJls were injected into the rumen in a single dose. The dilution of the specific radioactivity of bacterial cells in the rumen with time was taken for calculation of the turnover time and rate of production of bacteria.The average production rates of bacteria were 88-3 ± 3-88 and 92-3 ± 1-82 g/kg digestible organic matter and 101-8 + 1-55 and 103-3 + 1-49 g/kg digestible organic matter in animals fed green maize and cow pea, when estimated by using mixed rumen whole bacterial cells and Streptococcus bovis respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of bacteria production when estimated by either method.t n e r u m e n ( 14 Q Streptococcus bovis was used to estimate bacteria production and comparison made Microbes in the rumen degrade a large proportion of the bacterial growth of the rumen obtained either of dietary proteins and utilize some of the degrada-by injecting labelled mixed rumen bacterial cells tion products for their own protein synthesis. or pure cultures of Streptococcus bovis of rumen These microbes can also make use of non-protein origin. nitrogen (NPN) compounds and can upgrade the EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE dietary proteins of low biological value into microbial proteins which are of good biological value Animals and feeding regime (Bergen, Purser & Cline, 1967). Whereas the utilizaThree male Murrah buffalo (Bos bubalis) of about tion of NPN by the rumen microbes is very advan-2 years of age were used in these experiments. All tageous in animal feeding, the degradation of the the animals were fitted with permanent cannulae dietary proteins of high biological value is a dis-in rumen fistulae. In the first set of experiments advantage. Therefore, it is important to know the each animal was given 15-20 kg of green chopped extent of microbial growth in a particular dietary maize daily whereas in the second experiment regime in order to assess its effectiveness for 25-30 kg cow pea was fed to each animal. The production.residue was measured to assess intake. The calves In our previous communications an experi-were kept on a pre-experimental feeding period for mental approach was described for the measure-5 weeks during which they received their ration ments of bacterial and protozoal production rates once daily and thereafter they received their daily in the rumen using 36 S and 14 C isotope dilution ration in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals for a techniques (Singh et al. 1973, 1974a, b and c). In period of 3 weeks. The residue, if any, le...

SummaryThe rates of production of protozoa in the rumen of buffalo calves have been estimated using a single-injection isotope dilution technique. The calves were fed at 2 levels of crude protein, namely, 13% lower and 19% higher than that recommended by the National Research Council. The animals were given their rations at 2-h intervals for 3 weeks. Thereafter 14C-labelled rumen protozoa were injected into the rumen of each calf in a single injection. Samples of the rumen liquor were drawn at various time-intervals for 10 h and were analysed for the concentration of protozoa and radioactivity. The decline in the specific radioactivity of protozoa cells in the rumen as a function of time was used for calculating half life (t½). A mathematical equation was used to calculate the rate of production of protozoa. The average t½ was 1077 min for both groups and the rates of production of protozoa were 73·9 and 92·1mg/min in groups fed on low and high planes of crude protein respectively, showing that the production of protozoa is significantly (P < 0·01) higher in animals consuming a ration high in crude protein.

SUMMARYThe digestibility of protein of mixed whole rumen bacterial cells and Streptococcus bovis were determined in Bos bubalis and goats. The bacterial cells were labelled either with 35S or 14C in vitro incubation and were injected in a single dose into the rumen after protecting by formaldehyde treatment. Faeces were collected for 6 consecutive days and radioactivity excreted in the faeces was measured. The digestibility of bacterial protein ranged from 81·7 to 96·8% in both the species.

Economic Load Dispatch is used to allocate power demand economically among connected generators by considering various constraints. The thermal generating units are incorporated with renewable sources like wind and solar units to reduce pollution and dependency on fuel cost. The uncertainty of output power from wind and solar plants is considered here. The 2-m point estimation method is used to get generated power from wind and solar units. The population-based Sine Cosine Algorithm is proposed to get the optimum solution of the presented complex ELD problem. The randomly placed search agents find an optimum solution according to their fitness values and keep path towards best solution attained by each search agent. The search agents avoid local optima in exploration stage and move towards the solution exploitation stage using sine and cosine functions. The proposed algorithm has been tested in various four test systems. The results proved that the proposed algorithm gives quite an effective, efficient and promising solution compared to other techniques.

Total microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen of buffaloes were estimated by isotope dilution technique, using 131I-albumin treated with tannic acid as a marker. The animals were fed groundnut cake treated with formaldehyde to meet 50% of their digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement and 2.5% urea molasses mixture was given to meet the remaining requirement of DCP. Wheat straw was fed as the basal roughage. The total average microbial protein synthesis was 58.14 g/day.