This paper proposes a combined method for two-dimensional temperature and velocity measurements in liquid and gas flow using a schlieren system. Temperature measurements are made by relating the intensity level of each pixel in a schlieren image to the corresponding knife-edge position measured at the exit focal plane of the schlieren system. The same schlieren images were also used to measure the velocity of the fluid flow. The measurement is made by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The PIV software used in this work analyzes motion between consecutive schlieren frames to obtain velocity fields. The proposed technique was applied to measure the temperature and velocity fields in the natural convection of water provoked by a heated rectangular plate.
3D spherical particle positioning is found by using a defocusing method that consists in measuring the central spot size of an experimental image from a particle and comparing its nearest value with a numerically calculated central spot size matrix array. The numerical calculations were carried out using the generalized Lorenz–Mie and the Huygens–Fresnel diffraction theories. On comparison, the experimental results are in good agreement with the predictions made with the numerical calculations and an error analysis is presented.
In the schlieren method, the deflection of light by the presence of an inhomogeneous medium is proportional to the gradient of its refractive index. In the presence of temperature variations in a fluid flow, the refraction index is related to the gas density by the Gladstone-Dale constant, which depends on the nature of the gas and the wavelength of light propagating in the medium. The deflection of light in a schlieren system is represented by intensity variations on the observation plane. Then, for a digital camera, the intensity level registered in each pixel depends mainly on the refractive index variation of the medium and exposure time. Therefore, if we regulate the intensity value of each pixel by controlling the exposure time, it is possible to adjust the temperature value measurements. In this way, a specific exposure time of a digital camera allows us to measure a determined range of temperature values. For that reason, in this study we determine the range of temperatures that can be measured with a digital camera for different exposure times. By doing this, a wide range of average temperature value fields can be obtained by summing up the temperature contribution of each exposure time. The basic idea in our approach to measure temperature by using a schlieren system is to relate the intensity level of each pixel in a schlieren image to the corresponding knife-edge position measured at the exit focal plane of the system. Our approach is applied to the measurement of temperature fields of the air convection caused by a heated rectangular metal plate (7.3 cm×12 cm) and a candle flame. We found that the maximum temperature values obtained for exposure times of 31.3, 15.7, 7.9, 3.9, and 2 ms were 67.3°C, 122.6°C, 217.4°C, 364.3°C, and 524.0°C, respectively.
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