The purpose of this study was to compare chronotype preferences of college students from high- and low-altitude backgrounds living in a tropical setting of Ethiopia. Chronotype (morningness-eveningness) is a preference for a given time of day for physical or mental activities. The present cross-sectional study employed Horne and Osteberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaires to evaluate chronotype preferences. The chronotype preference of 264 male college students from varied altitude backgrounds indicated significant differences (p < 0.001). Our findings confirm our hypothesis, of the prevalence of M-types dominant chronotype among college students at low than high altitude. However, we did not confirm our second hypothesis, since students from high-altitude backgrounds were generally I-type dominant chronotype. Similarly, students' academic performances from low- compared to high-altitudes backgrounds also indicated significant differences (p < 0.003). Better academic performances were seen in students with I-type chronotype orientations from high altitudes.

Abstract. (Palmer and Stough 2001) defined as Emotional intelligence as 'the capacity to deal effectively with one's own and others' emotions 'Previous empirical studies in this area have indicated that the construct of emotional intelligence provides an athlete with an understanding of their specific emotional competencies, and therefore a better understanding and awareness of how to use emotions in sport. The comparison of the study is to attempt and examine the differences between female and male athletes of Lusaka Province with respect to their emotional intelligence in the selected variables such as Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation, Empathy, Social skills.It was assumed that female athletes would have high emotional intelligence as compared to the male athletes. "Emotional Intelligence Test" developed by Dr. N. K. Chadha (1998) was applied on all of the participants of the study (i.e. 30 female and 40 male athletes).Were selected random for this study Statistical analysis by computation of "t-test" revealed a significant difference in the emotional intelligence of female and male athletes of Lusaka Province. The results confirmed the hypothesis differences in relation to emotional intelligence, findings of the current study indicate that females are more emotionally intelligent than male athletes. The higher level of emotional intelligence of female than male in Lusaka Province are explained in terms of traditional trends, pattern of society and social roles assigned to male and female with respect to African culture in Zambia.Keywords: Emotional; Intelligence; Athletes; Male; Female. Introduction.Until recently, the role of emotional intelligence in performance had primarily been studied within the corporate environment or the workplace. Such research has indicated that individuals with better emotional intelligence typically perform with greater success than individuals who have less effective ways of dealing with emotions. As most people would agree, the 'workplace' of the elite athlete is both the competitive and training environment, yet it is during competition that an athlete's performance is ultimately evaluated.Like IQ or heart rate, emotional intelligence is a measurable concept. Recent research at South Australian Sports Institute has found that emotional intelligence is best assessed within the competitive sporting environment using a General Sporting version of the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test. A self-report measure, the General Sporting version of the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test, consists of 64 statements related to how the individual recognises, expresses and understands their emotions during athletic performance.In a recent study, we looked at emotional states associated with success and failure in sport competition and academic examinations (3). The expansion of sport science as an academic study means that growing numbers of students experience the dual stresses of taking examinations and participating in competition. The results of this...

This study was aimed at determining the effects of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure in men hypertensive patients. To this end, the study employed a randomized controlled, parallel-group design. Accordingly, twenty-four male hypertensive patients with a mean age of 38±4 years were assigned into two groups (n=12 each): the exercise group means body mass index 26.8±1.54 kg/m2 and the control group's mean body mass index 27.2±1.98 kg/m2. The research participants' systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) data were collected at baseline and after 16 weeks of the study period. The exercise group (EG) participants performed moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 16 weeks three days per week. On the other hand, the control group (CG) participants did not take part in exercise intervention but continued their usual daily activities during the study period. Statistical analysis data collected was done using SPSS version 20. Analyses of withingroup and between-group comparisons were done using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test, respectively, with the level of significance set at P<0.05. The results of this analysis show that the EG has demonstrated significant within-group mean changes in SBP (-7.1 mm Hg; P<0.001), and in DBP (-5.6 mm Hg; P<0.001) compared to baseline. The result in the CG was found insignificant within-group mean changes in SBP (-0.3 mm Hg; P=0.51), and in DBP (-0.3 mm Hg; P=0.39) compared to baseline. Moreover, between-group comparisons showed that mean SBP and DBP significantly reduced in EG compared to CG. Therefore, it can be concluded that 16 weeks, moderate-intensity and supervised aerobic exercise training significantly reduce blood pressure levels in stage 1 hypertensive patients. Thus hypertensive patients could be encouraged to take part in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training regularly.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the analyze of floor, skipping and combined aerobic exerciseon physiological variables of wukro high school students and to forward possible solutions. In this studycomplete experimental design was employed. To select the subjects of the study, simple random samplingtechnique was used. The study Subjects (n=80) female students in age range from 15-16 were included. Theselected samples by simple random sampling technique; the samples were grouped in to four of(n=20)G-1floor aerobic group,(n=20)G-2 skip aerobic group, G-3 combined aerobic group and (n= 20)G-4 controlgroup. Special training or treatment was provided for groups G-1 and G-2 and G-3 for twelve consecutiveweeks and G-4(control group) did not get any special treatment. The selected physiological variables areRHR, and breathe hold. The study period was twelve week and three times per week. The statistical techniqueused in this study was ANCOVA; post hoc multiple comparisons and Scheffe’s Confidence Interval post hoctest at the significant level of 0.05. Beside this to compare the post test results mean difference between thefour groups were employed. Result indicated following the treatment of combined aerobic exercise groupon physiological variables significantly improved than skip aerobic, floor aerobic group and control groupand the mean arterial blood pressure had shown not significant improvement. The result concluded thatcombined exercise program method shows a better improvement on selected variables due to twelve weekstraining program of wukro female students. Finally, based on the findings and conclusions recommendationswere forwarded to high school students, physical education teachers, fitness trainers and coaches.