The diabetic foot reduces the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study aims at ascertaining the impact of the etiological factors of the diabetic foot on the various aspects of HRQoL. This is a comparative study involving type 1 or type 2 (n = 421) diabetic patients divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 258) includes diabetic patients without foot lesions and group 2 (n = 163) includes patients suffering from a diabetic foot ulcer. The HRQoL of the sample was assessed by using the SF-36 Health Questionnaire. The overall HRQoL score was 68.58 ± 18.24 in group 1 and 50.99 ± 18.98 in group 2 (P < .001). The diabetic foot-related etiological factors that significantly reduce these patients' HRQoL are neuropathy, amputation history, and poor metabolic control (P < .001). Quality of life was lower in women with diabetic foot than in men. Neuropathy--regarded as the main etiological factor in the diabetic foot--also proved to be a variable that reduces the HRQoL. Paradoxically, peripheral vascular disease did not prove to have a negative impact on the quality of life.

We performed a prospective study of all infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae documented during a 22-month period at our hospital. A total of 163 clinically significant strains of S. pneumoniae were isolated from 139 patients whose ages ranged from 8 days to 91 years (mean +/- SD, 42.6 years +/- 26.8 years). Twenty percent of the patients had cancer, and 18% were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pneumococcal infection was nosocomially acquired in one-fourth of cases. One-third of patients had nonpneumonic disease. A wide range of serotypes were isolated, and 42.5% of all strains were nonsusceptible--i.e., showed either intermediate or high-level resistance--to penicillin. The rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline were 23%, 10.8%, and 48.2%, respectively. Twenty-two percent of the infected patients died, with a 15.8% mortality directly attributable to pneumococcal infection. Factors associated with infection by strains of S. pneumoniae not susceptible to penicillin included an age of less than or equal to 10 years, immunosuppression, the presence of a rapidly fatal underlying disease, previous antimicrobial therapy, and infection by serotypes 14 and 23. All clinically significant isolates of S. pneumoniae should be submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility studies, and, whenever a high prevalence of resistance to penicillin and macrolides is detected, the use of these well-established empirical therapeutic regimens should be reconsidered.

We aimed to assess if subjects with diabetes exhibit higher prevalence of chronic back pain than age-sex-province of residence-matched non-diabetic controls. We also aimed to identify predictors for chronic neck pain (CNP) or chronic low back pain (CLBP) among subjects with diabetes. A case control study was conducted using data obtained from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. Multivariable conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were constructed. A total of 2095 diabetes sufferers and 2095 non-diabetic matched controls were analyzed. The prevalence of CNP and CLBP was 27.3% and 34.8%, respectively, in diabetes sufferers and 22.1% and 29.0% in non-diabetes controls (both, p < 0.001). After multivariable analysis, the ORs showed significantly higher adjusted risk of CNP (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.19–1.51) and CLBP (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09–1.31) in diabetes cases. Diabetes sufferers with CNP or CLBP showed higher use of pain medication and higher prevalence of migraine/frequent headache than controls. Female sex, worse self-rated health and use of pain medication were predictors for CNP and CLBP in subjects with diabetes. CNP and CLBP are significantly more prevalent in diabetes sufferers than in controls. Current results can help to design better preventive and educational strategies for these highly prevalent and burdensome pains among diabetic patients.

We conclude that the available results show low levels of influenza vaccination coverage among high-risk subjects aged under 65 years, children in particular, and HCWs.

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To evaluate certain risk and protective factors for colon cancer in our population, we conducted a paired case-control study where cases were all people diagnosed with colon cancer who were registered at the Cancer Data Exchange Systems of the Community of Madrid between January 1995 and December 1996, and controls were randomly taken from electoral lists. The study population consisted of 424 persons. Using SPSS for Windows, variables were adjusted by multiple logistic regression. The results indicate that lack of physical exercise is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-6.21) as compared with moderate activity 1-2 days a week. The risk decreases linearly with increasing physical exercise, and this association remains after stratifying the analysis for the existence of constipation. The consumption of is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in constipated patients, with an OR of 0.094 (0.014-0.639), as is aspirin use, with an OR of 0.980 (0.898-0.999). These results were obtained after adjusting all the ORs for diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history and socio-demographic factors such as marital status and educational level.

The aims of the present study were: (i) describe patterns of sedentary behavior in Spanish adolescents; and (ii) IntroductionIn today's postmodern society, most people spend the majority of their waking hours engaging in sedentary behavior 1 . Emerging evidence shows that prolonged sedentary behavior may have a deleterious effect on health 2 . For example, excessive sedentary behavior has been associated with premature all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, obesity and an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factor profile in adults 2 . Regarding this behavior in youth, although evidence is more limited, excessive sedentary behavior appears to have a harmful effect on health 3,4 . Consequently, educational and public health organizations have focused efforts on promoting a decrease in sedentary behavior from an early age 5 .Sedentary behavior includes activities that involve low levels of energy expenditure, consisting mainly of sitting time in different contexts 2 . Since several sedentary activities are part of young people's daily routine (e.g.: classes at school, studying), sedentary activities during leisure time are the target of preventive strategies 4 . Among youth, the most common leisure-time sedentary behavior is watching television (TV). Furthermore, new media technologies such as computers and games consoles have provided new opportunities for sedentary activity among this age group and while parents tend to limit the use of different kinds of media during child-ARTIGO ARTICLE

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