We visualize the flow induced by an isolated non-Brownian spherical particle settling in a shear thinning yield stress fluid using particle image velocimetry. With ReϽ 1, we show a breaking of the fore-aft symmetry and relate this to the rheological properties of the fluid. We find that the shape of the yield surface approximates that of an ovoid spheroid with its major axis approximately five times greater than the radius of the particle. The disagreement of our experimental findings with previous numerical simulations is discussed.

We consider the viscous limit of a plane channel miscible displacement flow of two generalized Newtonian fluids when buoyancy is significant. The channel is inclined close to horizontal. A lubrication/thin-film approximation is used to simplify the governing equations and a semi-analytical solution is found for the flux functions. We show that there are no steady travelling wave solutions to the interface propagation equation. At short times the diffusive effects of the interface slope are dominant and there is a flow reversal, relative to the mean flow. We are able to find a short-time similarity solution governing this initial counter-current flow. At longer times the solution behaviour can be predicted from the associated hyperbolic problem (where diffusive effects are set to zero). Each solution consists of a number N ≥ 1 of steadily propagating fronts of differing speeds, joined together by segments of interface that are stretched between the fronts. Diffusive effects are always present in the propagating fronts. We explore the effects of viscosity ratio, inclinations and other rheological properties on the front height and front velocity. Depending on the competition of viscosity, buoyancy and other rheological effects, it is possible to have single or multiple fronts. More efficient displacements are generally obtained with a more viscous displacing fluid and modest improvements may also be gained with slight positive inclination in the direction of the density difference. Fluids that are considerably shear-thinning may be displaced at high efficiencies by more viscous fluids. Generally, a yield stress in the displacing fluid increases the displacement efficiency and yield stress in the displaced fluid decreases the displacement efficiency, eventually leading to completely static residual wall layers of displaced fluid. The maximal layer thickness of these static layers can be directly computed from a one-dimensional momentum balance and indicates the thickness of static layer found at long times.

A theoretical and experimental study of dewatering of fibre suspensions by uniaxial compression is presented. Solutions of a one-dimensional model are discussed and asymptotic limits of fast and slow compression are explored. Particular focus is given to relatively rapid compression and to the corresponding development of spatial variations in the solidity and velocity profiles of the suspension. The results of complementary laboratory experiments are presented for nylon or cellulose fibres suspended in viscous fluid. The constitutive relationships for each suspension were measured independently. Measurements of the load for different fixed compression speeds, together with some direct measurements of the velocity profiles using particle tracking velocimetry, are compared with model predictions. The comparison is reasonable for nylon, but poor for cellulose fibres. An extension to the model, which allows for a strain-rate-dependent component in the network stress, is proposed, and is found to give a dramatic improvement in the model predictions for cellulose fibre suspensions. The reason for this improvement is attributed to the microstructure of cellulose fibres, which, unlike nylon fibres, are themselves porous.

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We study experimentally the effect of a mean flow imposed on a buoyant exchange flow of two miscible fluids of equal viscosity in a long tube oriented close to horizontal. We measure the evolution of the front velocity Vf as a function of the imposed velocity V0. At low V0, an exchange-flow dominated regime is found, as expected, and is characterized here by Kelvin–Helmholtz-like instabilities. With increasing V0 we observed that the flow becomes stable. Here also Vf increases linearly with V0 with slope of >1. At large V0 we find Vf∼V0.