This paper describes the CMS trigger system and its performance during Run 1 of the LHC. The trigger system consists of two levels designed to select events of potential physics interest from a GHz (MHz) interaction rate of proton-proton (heavy ion) collisions. The first level of the trigger is implemented in hardware, and selects events containing detector signals consistent with an electron, photon, muon, τ lepton, jet, or missing transverse energy. A programmable menu of up to 128 object-based algorithms is used to select events for subsequent processing. The trigger thresholds are adjusted to the LHC instantaneous luminosity during data taking in order to restrict the output rate to 100 kHz, the upper limit imposed by the CMS readout electronics. The second level, implemented in software, further refines the purity of the output stream, selecting an average rate of 400 Hz for offline event storage. The objectives, strategy and performance of the trigger system during the LHC Run 1 are described.

The ATCA and uTCA standards include industry-standard data pathway technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet which can be used for control communication, but no specific hardware control protocol is defined. The IPbus suite of software and firmware implements a reliable high-performance control link for particle physics electronics, and has successfully replaced VME control in several large projects. In this paper, we outline the IPbus system architecture, and describe recent developments in the reliability, scalability and performance of IPbus systems, carried out in preparation for deployment of uTCA-based CMS upgrades before the LHC 2015 run. We also discuss plans for future development of the IPbus suite.SUMMARY IPbus will be used for controlling the uTCA electronics in the CMS HCAL, TCDS, Pixel and Level-1 trigger upgrades. IPbus control has already been extensively used in the work of these upgrade projects so far, and final uTCA systems will be deployed in the experiment starting from Autumn 2014. IPbus is also being evaluated for use in the ATLAS and AL-ICE upgrades, as well as other particle physics experiments. A tightly-integrated suite of software and firmware components has been developed to implement the IPbus protocol the firmware core, a reference VHDL implementation of an IPbus server over UDP, decoding IPbus read/write requests within end-user hardware; uHAL, the C++/Python library providing an end-user API for IPbus reads and writes; and the ControlHub, a software application which abitrates hardware access to each board from multiple clients. Over the past two years we have developed a new reliable, higher-throughput version of the IPbus protocol, firmware and software. We have set up an IPbus test system with realistic network topology in the CMS electronics integration centre, in order to validate the reliability and performance of the IPbus control system. The software has been optimised to increase the block write/read throughput towards the Gigabit Ethernet bandwidth, and to improve the scalability with the number of targets handled by each ControlHub instance. For 1 client and 1 target, the latency is about 250us for sequences of up to tens of transactions and the maximum block read/write throughput is 0.54Gbit/s; the throughput increases to 0.8Gbit/s for 3 or more targets. We have accumulated weeks of continuous high-throughput random writes and reads over IPbus, without any errors. We also investigated scenarios with network congestion in the MCH Ethernet switch for a full uTCA crate, and found that with appropriate configuration this congestion only has a small effect on the IPbus throughput (12pct reduction). Plans for future work include improving the monitoring of IPbus dataflows in large systems of hundreds of targets, and investigating further ideas for usability and performance improvements. ABSTRACT: The ATCA and µTCA standards include industry-standard data pathway technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet which can be used for control communication, but no specific hardware ...

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Commissioning studies of the CMS hadron calorimeter have identified sporadic uncharacteristic noise and a small number of malfunctioning calorimeter channels. Algorithms have been developed to identify and address these problems in the data. The methods have been tested on cosmic ray muon data, calorimeter noise data, and single beam data collected with CMS in 2008. The noise rejection algorithms can be applied to LHC collision data at the trigger level or in the offline analysis. The application of the algorithms at the trigger level is shown to remove 90% of noise events with fake missing transverse energy above 100 GeV, which is sufficient for the CMS physics trigger operation.