Among the peoples of Mongolia at the advent of Chingiz Khān the Karaits () stand out for several reasons. First, We can trace them for more than three centuries, roughly A.D. 1000 to 1300. Second, in them we have the unusual phenomenon of a Far Eastern nation professing Christianity. Third, they have the interest of being connected with the story of Prester John, of Which the attraction has not altogether vanished. In what follows the attempt is made to give a connected account of these Karaits. From the nature of the sources it will be confined largely to the history of their ruling house.
Accounts of the two notable translators into Arabic, al-Biṭrīq and his son Yaḥyā are, even in our best works of reference, inadequate and often confused. One gathers the general impression that their translations were displaced by the works of Ḥunain b. Isḥāq and his school, who flourished about sixty years later. It is to this loss of popularity, it would seem, that the paucity of information about the two earlier translators and the limited number of existing MSS. of their works are due. Enough survives, however, to make clear that the translations of Yaḥyā b. al-Biṭrīq and his father covered a wide field, and that at one time their numerous works were well known.
The necessary cooperation in packet forwarding by wireless mobile ad hoc network users can be achieved if nodes create a distributed cooperation enforcement mechanism. One of the most significant roles in this mechanism is played by a trust system, which enables forwarding nodes to distinguish between cooperative (therefore trustworthy) and selfish (untrustworthy) nodes. As shown in this paper, the performance of the system depends on the data classes describing the forwarding behaviour of nodes, which are used for the evaluation of their level of cooperation. The paper demonstrates that partition of such data into personal and general classes can help to create better protection against clique-building among nodes. Personal data takes into account the status of packets originated by a node itself, while general considers the status of packets originated by other nodes. Computational experiments demonstrate that, in the presence of a large number of selfish and colluding nodes, prioritising the personal data improves the performance of cooperative nodes and creates a better defence against colluding free-riders.
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