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This article introduces the EU Horizon 2020 research project MIX-UP, “Mixed plastics biodegradation and upcycling using microbial communities”. The project focuses on the ambitious vision to change the traditional linear value chain of plastics to a sustainable, biodegradable based one. In MIX-UP, plastic mixtures containing five of the top six fossil-based recalcitrant plastics (PE, PUR, PP, PET, and PS), along with upcoming biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) such as PHA and PLA, will be used as feedstock for microbial transformations. The generated new workflow increases recycling quotas and adds value to present poorly recycled plastic waste streams. Consecutive controlled enzymatic and microbial degradation of mechanically pre-treated plastics waste combined with subsequent microbial conversion to polymers and value-added chemicals by mixed cultures. Through optimization of known plastic-degrading enzymes by integrated protein engineering, high specific binding capacities, stability, and catalytic efficacy towards a broad spectrum of plastic polymers under high salt content and temperature conditions will be achieved. Another focus lies in the search and isolation of novel enzymes active on recalcitrant polymers. MIX-UP will also enhance the production of enzymes and formulate enzyme cocktails tailored to specific waste streams. In vivo and in vitro application of these cocktails enables stable, self-sustaining microbiomes to convert the released plastic monomers selectively into value-added products, key building blocks, and biomass. Any of the remaining material recalcitrant to the enzymatic activity will be recirculated into the process by physicochemical treatment. The Chinese-European MIX-UP is a multidisciplinary and industry-participating consortium to address the market need for novel sustainable routes to valorize plastic waste streams. MIX-UP realizes a circular (bio) plastic economy and will contribute where mechanical and chemical plastic recycling show limits.
Dt81"RIBUTION OF Tills DOCUMENT t8 UNLIMITED LEGAL DISCLAIMER This ,e_ort was oreoared as an accoum of work sponsored by an agency of lhe Umteo Stah_S 3overnmenl. Nellher _he Umted States Governmen; '*or any agency thereof, _cr any oi their emoloyees, qor any of :ne_r contractors, subcon!ractors or their emoioyees. _a,,es any warranty, express or _mpiied, orassumes any e,_al _aOd_tyor,'esoonstDdtty for the accuracy, comoieteness, or any ',ntrd oarty's use or the results of such use of any tnformahon, apoaratus, oroduct, or orocess disclosed, or represents that _ts use wou_dnot _nfrmge prtvately ownedr_g_,ts. Reference nere_n to any specthc commercJai 9roduct, orocess, or serwce sy [rade name, trademarK, manufacturer, or otherwise. ,Joes not qecessar_ly constttute or ,,reDly_tsendorsement, recommendahon, or favonng by the Un_ted States Government or any agency thereof or _tscontractors orsuocontractors. Thev_ews and ommons of authors exoressea nere_n _o _ot necessarily state or reflect those of the Umted Sta:es Governmen[ or any agency thereof. Th_sreoort has 3een reproduce_ !rem '.he 3est available cooy.
INTRODUCTION 2. SITE DESCRIPTION 3. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND RADIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 4. RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS. 4.1 Background Radioactivity 4.2 Direct Gamma-Ray Exposure Rates 4 4.3 Concentration of 226 Ra in Surface Soil and Sediment Samples , 4.4 Radiochemical Analysis of Water Samples 4.5 Distribution of 226 Ra in Subsurface Soil and Tailings 15 5. SUMMARY 21 REFERENCES APPENDIX I, PHASE I, Report on Conditions of Uranium Mi 11 site and Tailings in Converse County, Wyoming 25 APPENDIX II, Soil Sampling Techniques and Radiological Measurements 39 APPENDIX III, Wate*-Sampling and Analysis 53 Hi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aerial view of the Spook site, Converse County, and surrounding area 2 Locations of background external gamma measure ments and background surface soil samples around Converse County, Wyoming 5 i External gamma exposure rates 1 m above the ground at and near the Spook site, Converse County, Wyoming 9 4 Locations and identifications of environmental samples 11 5 Locations of holes drilled at the Spook site, Converse County, Wyoming 17 6 Calculated concentration of 226 Ra in holes EXl, SW1, SW2, and EX2 18 7 Calculated concentration of 226 Ra in holes EX3, SW3, SW4, and SW5 19 8 Calculated concentration of 226 Ra in holes SW6 and SW7 20 1v LIST OF TABLES Page Background radiation levels and concentrations of radionuclides in surface soil near Converse County, Wyoming 6 Direct Measurements of gamma exposure rates 1 m above waste piles 10 Concentration of 226 Ra in soil and sediment samples 12 Radiochemical analysis of water samples 16 v Departaent of Energy, Washington, D. C., for their encourageaent and support during the field operations phase of this project; to Dr. Charles J. Barton of Science Applications, Inc. (SAI), Oak Ridge, for his diligent work in preparing, under subcontract, the drafts of this series, and to Wilaa Minor, also of SAI, for typing the aanuscripts; to the aany aeabers of the Health and Safety Research Division who provided technical reviews of the individual reports; to Jenny Vinson, Health and Safety Research Division Technical Editor, special thanks is extended for her careful review of each aanuscript, especially for helping ensure that a uniform format was followed; to Dr. Barry Berven for his assist ance in organizing the final drafts. Appreciation is extended to John G. Themelis and Frank McGinley, Department of Energy, Grand Junc tion Operations Office, for their support and advice during the conduct of this project; to Char 1 es Brunner, Bendix Field Engineering Company, Grand Junction, Colorado, for his assistance in arranging for the grind ing of approximately 1600 soil samples which were collected during the project; also to Dr. Vern Rogers and his staff, Ford, Bacon and Davis Utah Inc., for assistance during the field operations phase of this project. Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Ev Haldane, Department of Energy, Grand Junction, who was associated with the uranium-mill tailings program from its earliest days. Ev passed away ...
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