AimsB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)–natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) receptor signalling inhibits cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission, although C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the predominant neuropeptide of the nervous system with expression in the heart and vasculature. We hypothesized that CNP acts similarly to BNP, and that transgenic rats (TGRs) with neuron-specific overexpression of a dominant negative NPR-B receptor would develop heightened sympathetic drive.Methods and resultsMean arterial pressure and heart rate (HR) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in freely moving TGRs (n = 9) compared with Sprague Dawley (SD) controls (n = 10). TGR had impaired left ventricular systolic function and spectral analysis of HR variability suggested a shift towards sympathoexcitation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-staining of NPR-B with tyrosine hydroxylase in stellate ganglia neurons. In SD rats, CNP (250 nM, n = 8) significantly reduced the tachycardia during right stellate ganglion stimulation (1–7 Hz) in vitro whereas the response to bath-applied norepinephrine (NE, 1 μM, n = 6) remained intact. CNP (250 nM, n = 8) significantly reduced the release of 3H-NE in isolated atria and this was prevented by the NPR-B antagonist P19 (250 nM, n = 6). The neuronal Ca2+ current (n = 6) and intracellular Ca2+ transient (n = 9, using fura-2AM) were also reduced by CNP in isolated stellate neurons. Treatment of the TGR (n = 9) with the sympatholytic clonidine (125 µg/kg per day) significantly reduced mean arterial pressure and HR to levels observed in the SD (n = 9).ConclusionC-type natriuretic peptide reduces cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission via a reduction in neuronal calcium signalling and NE release through the NPR-B receptor. Situations impairing CNP–NPR-B signalling lead to hypertension, tachycardia, and impaired left ventricular systolic function secondary to sympatho-excitation.
The role of Notch signaling and its ligand JAGGED1 (JAG1) in tumor biology has been firmly established, making them appealing therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Here, we report the development and characterization of human/ rat-specific JAG1-neutralizing mAbs. Epitope mapping identified their binding to the Notch receptor interaction site within the JAG1 Delta/Serrate/Lag2 domain, where E228D substitution prevented effective binding to the murine Jag1 ortholog. These antibodies were able to specifically inhibit JAG1-Notch binding in vitro, downregulate Notch signaling in cancer cells, and block the heterotypic JAG1-mediated Notch signaling between endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Functionally, in vitro treatment impaired three-dimensional growth of breast cancer cell spheroids, in association with a reduction in cancer stem cell number. In vivo testing showed variable effects on human xenograft growth when only tumor-expressed JAG1 was targeted (mouse models) but a more robust effect when stromal-expressed Jag1 was also targeted (rat MDA-MB-231 xenograft model). Importantly, treatment of established triple receptor-negative breast cancer brain metastasis in rats showed a significant reduction in neoplastic growth. MRI imaging demonstrated that this was associated with a substantial improvement in blood-brain barrier function and tumor perfusion. Lastly, JAG1-targeting antibody treatment did not cause any detectable toxicity, further supporting its clinical potential for cancer therapy.
Reduced GCH1 expression and BH4 deficiency cause tachycardia through enhanced β-adrenergic sensitivity, with no effect on vagal function. GCH1 expression and BH4 are novel determinants of cardiac autonomic regulation that may have important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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