A field evaluation of the use of a small gas-combustion turbine generator set to recover power from in-situ combustion exhaust gases was conducted. With suitable modifications to the turbine, exhaust gases can be exchanged for compressed air; and the energy of compression, the sensible heat, and the heat of combustio~in exhaust gases can be recovered. JUNE, 1976 645 'J . . .,.
This paper was to be presented at the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colorado, October 3–6, 1965, and is considered to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract During recent years, the increase in contract prices of natural gas and in its value to the oil operator, have provided the incentive to improve reservoir recovery of this material. Secondary recovery of natural gas will be limited to those parts of the world where its value is several times the value of some other high-pressure gas. High-pressure gases suitable for the recovery of natural gas include air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, exhaust gases, and some low-value natural gases. The application of current miscible displacement techniques can result in the recovery of one-half of the natural gas normally remaining in a reservoir at abandonment. Introduction During the many years when natural gas was produced as a by-product of oil productions its value was largely ignored. In many cases large volumes of natural gas were flared with no effort being made to conserve this valuable material. Only a slight improvement was realized when many of the first sales contracts were written for ridiculously low prices. Until recently, large volumes of natural gas were sold for less than the cost of compression to the sales pressures. Such contracts completely ignored the intrinsic value of this high-quality fuel. This poor situation was made worse when these distress prices were recognized by a federal regulatory body as proper price levels for natural gas moving in interstate commerce. The production of natural gas from a reservoir is inherently more efficient than the production of oil from a reservoir. In volumetric reservoirs, at moderate depths with high formation permeabilities, recoveries of 90 per cent of the gas originally in place are common. In many other cases, high recoveries are not attained. In reservoirs with low permeabilities, the producing rates may fall below the economic limit while large portions of the original gas are still in the reservoir. The minimum economic gas production rate is raised by the production of liquids or by any other difficulties which tend to increase operating problems and expenses. In reservoirs with strong water drives and unequal water invasion, large amounts of gas may be lost in the residual gas saturation or by premature watering out of the producing wells. In such cases, the recovery of the gas originally in place may be as low as 50 per cent. In the past, such high losses of natural gas were not as important because of the low sales prices. As with any other resource, the amount of gas which may be economically recovered is a function of its value.
Publication Rights Reserved This paper is to be presented at the 39th Annual Fall Meeting to be held in Houston, Tex., on Oct. 11–14, 1964, and is considered property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Engineers or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract The critical flow prover has been found to be a rugged accurate instrument, well adapted for determining gas flow rates under field conditions. During some twenty-five years of extensive use, only one set of orifice coefficients has been generally used, apparently without a critical examination of their values. Several of the suggestions of the original authors, Rawlins and Schellhardt, have been ignored in many of the applications of these coefficients. A brief investigation of the inter relations of these coefficients by means of their discharge per unit area indicates differences of approximately five per cent between the expected values and the actual coefficients. These differences indicate that the values of these coefficients should be redetermined, or that the nature of critical flow through such orifices is much more complicated than has been generally accepted. Introduction The critical flow prover has long been recognized as a valuable tool for determining gas flow rates. Because it is relatively insensitive to obstructions in the flow line and to turbulence, it is suitable for use at the wellhead or near the separator on temporary installations where it would be inconvenient to use a conventional orifice meter. The flow through a critical flow prover does not depend upon the differential pressure or down stream pressure once the upstream pressure is high enough with respect to the downstream pressure. Accordingly, it is inherently a more accurate method of measuring gas flow rates than a conventional orifice meter, since it involves the determination of one less factor. In 1935 Rawlins and Schellhardt completed their work on "Back-Pressure Data on Natural-Gas Wells and Their Application to Production Practices". Included in this publication were the designs of two critical flow provers and tables of the average coefficients which they obtained during the evaluation of these provers. In the ensuing years these tables have been copied, converted, and used throughout the oil and gas industry without considering their origin or some of the original authors' recommendations. Considering the effort involved in checking or improving upon this original work, it is not surprising that these coefficients have not been checked. However, in view of the wide spread applications of these tables it is desirable to point out their limitations.
SUMMARY The Spiral Flow Cylindrical Mud Mixer (SPCMM)* is a unique system recently developed for mixing large volumes of mud quickly under controlled conditions. Its streamlined internal shape allows regular flow by minimizing obstructions. A well organized flow pattern from the outside walls of the mixer into the centrally located suction eliminates dead spots and promotes uniform mixing of the contents. Field tests indicate that this system will mix mud approxiamtely four times as fast as other existing systems. The speed of mixing up to this time has been determined by the limitations of adding materials to the mixer, and not the speed of the mixing action of the mixer. This new system may be applied whenever an operator needs large volumes of mud with carefully controlled properties to solve well control problems. Plant tests have shown that this mixer will produce 214 bbl. of 17+ lb/gal. mud in a 24 hour period. The SFCMM* is a unique mixer that provides more uniform mud at higher rates than that provided by other mixers available.
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