Einkorn wheat Triticum monococcum (2n=2x=14, A(m)A(m)) is one of the earliest domesticated crops. However, it was abandoned for cultivation before the Bronze Age and has infrequently been used in wheat breeding. Little is known about the genetic variation in adaptively important biological traits in T. monococcum. A collection of 30 accessions of diverse geographic origins were characterized for phenotypic variation in various agro-morphological traits including grain storage proteins and endosperm texture, nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain profiles of resistance (R) genes and resistance gene analogues (RGAs), and germination under salt and drought stresses. Forty-six SSR (single sequence repeat) markers from bread wheat (T. aestivum, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) A genome were used to establish trait-marker associations using linear mixed models. Multiple significant associations were identified, some of which were on chromosomal regions containing previously known genetic loci. It is concluded that T. monococcum possesses large genetic diversity in multiple traits. The findings also indicate that the efficiency of association mapping is much higher in T. monococcum than in other plant species. The use of T. monococcum as a reference species for wheat functional genomics is discussed.

Summary• Here, the aim was to understand the cellular and genetic basis of the Triticum monococcum-Mycosphaerella graminicola interaction.• Testing for 5 yr under UK field conditions revealed that all 24 T. monococcum accessions exposed to a high level of natural inocula were fully resistant to M. graminicola. When the accessions were individually inoculated in the glasshouse using an attached leaf seeding assay and nine previously characterized M. graminicola isolates, fungal sporulation was observed in only three of the 216 interactions examined. Microscopic analyses revealed that M. graminicola infection was arrested at four different stages post-stomatal entry. When the inoculated leaves were detached 30 d post inoculation and incubated at 100% humidity, abundant asexual sporulation occurred within 5 d in a further 61 interactions.• An F 2 mapping population generated from a cross between T. monococcum accession MDR002 (susceptible) and MDR043 (resistant) was inoculated with the M. graminicola isolate IPO323. Both resistance and in planta fungal growth were found to be controlled by a single genetic locus designated as TmStb1 which was linked to the microsatellite locus Xbarc174 on chromosome 7A m .• Exploitation of T. monococcum may provide new sources of resistance to septoria tritici blotch disease.

Federation Summary• A real-time PCR protocol based on 18S rDNA sequences was developed to provide a specific, sensitive and quantitative assay for the root-infecting virus vector Polymyxa graminis .• The assay was calibrated with zoospore suspensions and inoculated roots and then shown to work with naturally infected plant roots and infested soil. Both the temperate P. graminis ribotypes previously described are detected but are not distinguished. DNA from related plasmodiophorids and from a range of fungi and plants was not detected.• Different genotypes of Triticum were grown in a soil infested with P. graminis and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV). The genotypes differed in susceptibility to P. graminis , the least susceptible being the Triticum monococcum accession K-58505.• Conventional PCR assays and sequencing of amplified rDNA fragments showed that P. graminis isolates infecting wheat were mostly, but not exclusively, of ribotype II. Ribotype II was clearly associated with SBCMV transmission and seems to occur preferentially on wheat whereas ribotype I is mostly associated with barley.

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The relevance of the new forms of ecologically safe, stable in composition, in functional activity, biodegradable preparations development with a complex positive effect on plants remains high and the presented work is devoted to acquaintance with the generalized results of interdisciplinary studies for the effect on the system of soil (soil substitute) - cultivated plants by nanocompositions created based on carbon (water-soluble polyhydroxylated, carboxylated and amino acid derivatives of fullerene C60) nanostructures with additions of trace elements in certain concentration ratios. Based on the previously identified concentration ranges of the tested fullerene derivatives with a positive effect on plants when treating their seeds, introducing them into the soil, other root habitats and foliar exposure, their compositions with salts of trace elements were developed and in a series of vegetation and field experiments under controlled favorable conditions and when modeling oxidative stress caused by UV-B irradiation, deficiency of soil moisture, deficiency of nutrients, phytopathogens, as well as in the natural conditions of the Leningrad region, the main mechanisms of positive impact (regulatory on vital systems, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, protective) of the created nanocompositions on plants and the prospects of their application in plant growing are shown. Keywords: nanocompositions, water-soluble fullerenes C60, polyhydroxylated C60, carboxylated C60, amino acid derivatives C60, soil (soil substitute) --- plant system, production process, abiotic stresses, resistance.

Small radish and radish are economically important root crops that represent an integral part of a healthy human diet. The world collection of Raphanus L. root crops, maintained in the VIR genebank, includes 2810 accessions from 75 countries around the world, of which 2800 (1600 small radish, 1200 radish) belong to R. sativus species, three to R. raphanistrum, three to R. landra, and four to R. caudatus. It is necessary to systematically investigate the historical and modern gene pool of root-bearing plants of R. sativus and provide new material for breeding. The material for our research was a set of small radish and radish accessions of various ecological groups and different geographical origin, fully covering the diversity of the species. The small radish subset included 149 accessions from 37 countries, belonging to 13 types of seven varieties of European and Chinese subspecies. The radish subset included 129 accessions from 21 countries, belonging to 18 types of 11 varieties of European, Chinese, and Japanese subspecies. As a result of the evaluation of R. sativus accessions according to phenological, morphological, and biochemical analyses, a wide variation of these characteristics was revealed, which is due to the large genetic diversity of small radish and radish of various ecological and geographical origins. The investigation of the degree of variation regarding phenotypic and biochemical traits revealed adaptive stable and highly variable characteristics of R. sativus accessions. Such insights are crucial for the establishment and further use of trait collections. Trait collections facilitate germplasm use and contribute significantly to the preservation of genetic diversity of the gene pool.