Herbicide tolerant crops provide farmers access to a new weed control option of nonselective herbicide such as Roundup1 A wheat transgenic event 33391 was produced via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of a donor cultivar Bobwhite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and was identified as a commercial candidate to develop Roundup Ready wheat2 The objective of this study was to assess field efficacy of the transgenic event in spring wheat production regions in North America. Transgenic event 33391 was tested in field trials at 14 locations in 1999, 13 locations in 2000, and 14 locations in 2001. All trials were split‐plot designs with multiple rates of Roundup treatment. No vegetative or reproductive damage was observed with the application of 4 L ha−1 Roundup at the 3‐ to 5‐leaf stages. No yield reduction was observed with Roundup treatment. The transgenic event with or without Roundup application yielded as high as the nontransgenic Bobwhite. These results indicate that the wheat transgenic event 33391 has at least 2× tolerance to the nonselective herbicide Roundup.
Varying snowmobile traffic was imposed on established bluegrass (Poa pratensis) areas at Arlington and Lancaster, Wisconsin for three winters. The effect on the stands, recovery, and vigor the following summer was monitored by close observations and the yield of frequent clippings. No reduction in bluegrass stands occurred following snowmobiling. Early spring recovery and growth was slower in snowmobile track areas than in nontract areas. However, by early summer, traffic and nontraffic areas showed no differences in vigor, color, or growth as measured by clipping weights. Soil bulk density determinations did not differ between snowmobile track and nontrack areas.
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Experiments to determine the effects of snowmobile traffic on plant species, frequently grown in heavy snow‐belt regions, were conducted over 3 years in northern Wisconsin. Plant species tested during the trials were: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.); red clover (Trifolium pratense L.); bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.); orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.); and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L,). The soil is classified as a Typic Eutroboralf, very fine Illitic (mixed). Designated areas of each crop species received varying amounts of snowmobile traffic when snow depths were > 7.5 cm. Soil temperatures, snow compaction, and frost depths were measured. Forage dry matter or grain yields were taken during the following summer. Soil bulk density was determined during two growing seasons as a measure of soil compaction. Stands of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa/bromegrass treated for two winters with snowmobile traffic showed no detrimental effects on forage yield. Grain yields from winter wheat stands exposed to snowmobile traffic were not reduced below that of check areas. Red clover and birdsfoot trefoil/orchardgrass yields were decreased during 1 year of the trials but were unaffected by snowmobile traffic during 1 other year. Snow was found to be compacted by snowmobile traffic and soil temperatures colder and more erratic under these areas. Frost penetrated deeper under areas subjected to snowmobile traffic. Soil compaction was not found to be increased by snowmobile traffic.
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