Currently, world is facing a global outbreak causing a pandemic threat known as COVID-19. This infectious disease is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Gut microbiota harbours multi species community with a strong impact on host immune homeostasis. However, our knowledge about this gut microbiota and its symbiotic relationship with immune activation in association with SARS-CoV-2 is limited. Unbalanced bacterial flora with too many opportunistic infections can shift immune system towards a cascade of inflammatory responses leading to multi organ damage. This review will highlight immune-regulation via various mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diet has an unbelievable influence on gut microbiome that allows a new state of homeostasis to be reached through timing, frequency and duration of intake. This review article focuses on gut, lung microbiota and immunomodulation with specific attention on immune activation by gut microbiota.
A rapid pigmentation test for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans is described. The method is based on the formation of a characteristic, mouse-grey to violaceous-black pigment when shake cultures of C. neoformans in a phosphate-buffered, l-DOPA - ferric citrate medium are incubated at 37 C for one hour.
A simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium, eliminating glucose, creatinine, and phosphate, was evaluated for the isolation and presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Of 80 isolates of C. neoformans tested, 69 (86%) developed the characteristic brown pigment within 12 h on this medium as against only 5 isolates (6%) on the complete medium. In primary cultures of experimentally seeded specimens of sputum, bronchial aspirate, soil, and pigeon excreta, C. neoformans was recognizable within 3 to 5 days on the modified medium in contrast to the 3 to 8 days required on the complete medium. The results demonstrated that the simplified G. abyssinica seed agar, with or without diphenyl, is superior to the complete medium for the rapid development of the brown pigment by C. neoformans.
A method is described for the rapid detection of urea hydrolysis by yeasts, using the Berthelot color reaction. The results could be determined within 30 to 50 min with this method, compared with 8 to 72 h usually required with Christensen urea agar.
The proposed method for rapid testing of inositol assimilation incorporates shake cultures in an indicator-based broth containing inositol (1%), yeast nitrogen base (0.067%), bromocresol purple, and a heavy inoculum. Of 153 yeast isolates investigated, inositol assimilation was shown with the modified method, as also by the Adams-Cooper procedure, in all the 123 isolates, representing 11 species of Cryptococcus. The results were negative by both the methods in the remaining 30 isolates belonging to Candida, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Pichia, Saccharomyces, and Sporobolomyces. The modified method was found to be significantly more effective than the Adams-Cooper procedure; the results could be read within 36 h by the former as against 336 h by the latter method. The superiority of the modified method to the Adams-Cooper procedure is attributed to increased aeration in shake cultures, a heavier inoculum, and reduced concentration of yeast nitrogen base.
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