The prevalence of food allergies has been increasing over the past 30 years. One of the most common causes of food allergies in children today is an allergy to cow's milk proteins (ACMP). Diagnosis of the ACMP can often be difficult, given the pathomorphism of the manifestations. Both in the diagnosis and in the treatment of children with manifestations of ACMP, a rejection of any dairy products and, consequently, the selection of a complete substitute to maintain a diet adequate in composition, action and caloric content is required. The use of highly hydrolyzed and amino acid formulas in the nutrition of children with ACMP is preferable, given the current opportunities that bring adapted formulas closer to the composition of breast milk, using breast milk oligosaccharides to support the development of early oral tolerance.
Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. In case of its lack or insufficiency, this brings up the question about an affordable and adequate alternative. Adapted cow’s milk formulas are most commonly used, but the incidence of cow’s milk protein allergy in young children is increasing worldwide. Given the early onset of gastrointestinal disorders in infants, minimal digestive dysfunctions are often interpreted by doctors as sensitization to cow’s milk proteins or functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, there are conditions associated not with cow’s milk protein allergy, but intolerance. These conditions are difficult to diagnose, as the mechanism of development of cow’s milk protein allergy has not been sufficiently studied and is often not associated with an IgE-mediated immunological response. Food intolerance is associated with the enzymatic immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and insufficient activity of intestinal microbiota. This article highlights the issues of cow’s milk protein allergy and food intolerance. In case of food sensitization and even minimal clinical manifestations of cow’s milk protein allergy, the choice of formula should always be made in favour of deep-hydrolyzed milk protein formulas. Goat protein formulas cannot be used in cases of cow’s milk protein allergy due to cross-sensitization effects. The aim of the article was to analyze a differentiated approach to the choice of infant nutrition in the absence of breastfeeding.
The gut microbiota is a complex collection of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, archaea, and fungi colonising the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The microbiota plays a fundamental role in keeping the body healthy and the development of various diseases, including mental ones. Clinical studies have showed that there exists a bidirectional communication between the gut, microbiota and brain within the brain-gut-microbiome axis. It is understood that gut microbes play a role in many mental disorders and may be a potential therapeutic target. The nervous system and GI tract communicate through a bidirectional signalling network that includes multiple pathways, among which are the vagus nerve, the immune system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, some transmitters, and bacterial metabolites. The available data indicate the mutual influence of the microbiota and the activation of inflammatory processes in the brain. Psychobiotics have been increasingly used for the management of the microbiota in case of injury of this pathway. The term that was used for the first time in 2013 defined psychobiotics as probiotics, which have a positive effect on mental health provided that they are taken orally at adequate doses.Afterwards they were included in the definition, given the proven benefit of prebiotics. Thus, psychobiotics are beneficial bacteria (probiotics) or auxiliary substances for such bacteria (prebiotics) that affect the communication and interactions between bacteria and the brain. Following ingestion, probiotic bacteria concentrate mainly in the intestinal epithelium, providing the host with nutrients and influencing the immune system, as well as producing neuroactive substances that act on the brain-gut axis. This review is devoted to the new interesting area that correlates the gut microbiota with nervous system diseases and its possible treatment with psychobiotics.
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