A novel self-referencing fiber optic intensity sensor based on bending losses of a partially polished polymer optical fiber (POF) coupler is presented. The coupling ratio (K) depends on the external liquid in which the sensor is immersed. It is possible to distinguish between different liquids and to detect their presence. Experimental results for the most usual liquids found in industry, like water and oil, are given. K value increases up to 10% from the nominal value depending on the liquid. Sensor temperature dependence has also been studied for a range from 25 °C (environmental condition) to 50 °C. Any sector requiring liquid level measurements in flammable atmospheres can benefit from this intrinsically safe technology.
Windows PC laptop with Intel Pentium M 1.4GHz CPU and 512MB RAM. Table 1 lists the inputs and the outputs of the solved problems together with comparisons with the literature.
CONCLUSIONSGiven the resonant frequency and the substrate, calculation of the optimum microstrip antenna dimensions is a time-consuming process. As seen from Table 1, by using PSO, this can be achieved without much computational time. In this article, seven antennas have been optimized to validate the code developed using PSO. Previously computed and experimental results are used to compare and validate the results obtained by PSO. These results are in good agreement with those in the literature. Hence, application of PSO for this purpose seems to be an accurate and simple method. This might contribute to facilitating improved antenna designs, especially for small pack antenna systems where both length and width are to be adjusted simultaneously in order to achieve the required resonant frequency. PSO can be applied to variations of the same problem (where other parameters might be varied) or similar problems. 2. J.H. Holland, Adaptation of natural and artificial system, University of
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