Grooming behavior of honey bees can be considered in two major categories: autogrooming or self-grooming and inter-bee grooming, called allogrooming. Allogrooming can be one-on-one, or social, involving several nestmates acting collaboratively. In addition, some house bees become allogrooming specialists, and for them grooming their nestmates can be a full-time occupation for most of their lives. Early observations on the Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana, recorded autogrooming, one-on-one, and social allogrooming, all of which result in dead, visibly mutilated varroa mites falling to the hive floor. Similar behavior has been sought in the Western honey bee. Apis mellifera, with variant observations for the different subspecies. Most descriptions relate to A. m. carnica, some to A. m. ligustica, but with one notable exception, almost none to A. m. mellifera. The most impressive findings are from "Africanized" bees, which provide some of the best cases of natural, long-lasting tolerance to varroa mites in A. mellifera, although even some of these are controversial. The speed of both autogrooming and allogrooming responses is generally reported to be much slower in A. mellifera than in A. cerana, and the frequency and degree of damage to mites are also lower. Serious damage, such as severance of limbs and gashes of the idiosoma, shows a heritability (h²) of around .16 in A. mellifera overall.Acicalamiento de las abejas como un componente del comportamiento de resistencia a varroa La conducta de acicalamiento de las abejas puede ser considerada en dos categorías principales: autogrooming o auto-aseo y cuidado personal inter-abeja, llamada allogrooming. Allogrooming puede ser uno-a-uno, o social, incluyendo la participació n de varias compañeras de la colonia que actúan en colaboració n. Además, algunas abejas de interior se convierten en especialistas en el allogrooming, y para ellas el aseo de sus compañeras de colonia puede ser una ocupació n a tiempo completo durante la mayor parte de sus vidas. Las primeras observaciones sobre la abeja de la miel oriental, Apis cerana, registraron autogrooming, uno-a-uno y allogrooming social, todo lo cual resultó en ácaros varroa muertos, visiblemente mutilados caídos en al suelo de la colmena. Se ha buscado un comportamiento similar en la abeja occidental de la miel, Apis mellifera con observaciones variables en las diferentes subespecies. La mayoría de las descripciones se refieren a A. m. carnica, algunas a A. m. ligustica, pero casi ninguna a A. m. mellifera. Los hallazgos más impresionantes son de abejas "africanizadas", que proporcionan algunos de los mejores casos de tolerancia natural de más larga duració n a los ácaros varroa en A. mellifera, aunque incluso algunos de ellos son controvertidos. La velocidad de las respuestas tanto autogrooming como allogrooming está resultando ser mucho más lenta en A. mellifera que en A. cerana, así como la frecuencia y el grado de daño a los ácaros que también son más bajos. Daños graves tales como ruptura de las extremidades y heridas d...

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1. Before the uptake of water that precedes spawning, eggs of cod (Gadus morhua L.) contained 30% dry matter, of which 80% was protein. Some 75% of this protein was soluble in 0.5m-sodium chloride. The major components in the extract were two similar lipoproteins, of molecular weight about 400000, containing 21% lipid, some two-thirds of which was phospholipid, and about 0.5% protein phosphorus. 2. These lipoproteins were identified by immunochemical methods in the serum of female cod with developing ovaries, but not in the serum of male or of immature female fish. 3. The concentrations of egg proteins in the serum of female cod were determined by a serial-dilution double-diffusion immunological method, and were shown to increase with development of the ovaries, reaching a value of about 32mg/ml when the weight of the ovaries was 10% of the weight of the fish. 4. Immature male and female cod were injected intramuscularly with a solution of oestradiol-17beta 3-benzoate in oil and the concentration of egg proteins in their serum was measured by the immunodiffusion method. The serum contained no detectable egg proteins before injection of the fish, but 30mug of oestradiol benzoate/kg gave rise to detectable amounts of egg proteins in 10 days, and with 300mug or 1mg of oestradiol benzoate/kg the concentration of egg proteins rose to 32mg/ml. The values for male and female cod were similar and represented about one-half of the total serum protein. 5. With a dose of 1mg of oestradiol benzoate/kg, egg proteins were first detected in the serum 2 days after injection and the concentration increased up to 10 days. 6. Serum samples taken before and 10 days after an injection of 1mg of oestradiol benzoate/kg were fractionated by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. The difference curves obtained from fractionation curves after and before injection confirmed the values of the concentrations of egg proteins obtained from the immunodiffusion test and showed that the concentrations of the normal serum components fell by 20-50% of the initial value, the high-molecular-weight globulins showing the most marked fall. 7. Egg proteins were detected in the liver and testes of the injected fish, but not in the ovaries.

1. Conditions were established for the reaction of retinal with phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, ethanolamine and serine in chloroform, ethanol or ethanol-water solutions to form retinylidene compounds, or Schiff bases. 2. The Schiff bases were reduced to retinyl compounds with sodium borohydride. 3. Absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficients were determined for the various retinylidene and retinyl compounds and for the corresponding coloured products formed by their reaction with antimony trichloride.