The 1,500-to 2,000-m-thick Permian volcanosedimentary Malužiná Formation of the uppermost nappe of the Central Western Carpathians (a segment of the Alpine-Carpathian orogenic belt) occurs in several fault blocks distributed across Slovakia. This unit is a part of a post-Variscan overstep suite that followed accretion of the Gothic terranes to Laurussia. It consists of three upward-fining megacycles of semi-arid/arid, fluvial-lacustrine clastic redbeds and local dolomites and evaporites. Abundant intercalated volcanic rocks are predominantly mafic lava flows; volcaniclastic rocks and dykes are subordinate. Felsic rocks are represented by rare volcaniclastics and dykes. Compositionally, the mafic rocks are rift-related continental tholeiites with enriched light REE patterns having (La/Yb) n ratios between 2 and 5.5 and with mantle-normalized patterns characterized by negative Nb-Ta anomalies. The rocks were derived from subcontinental lithospheric mantle and were affected by crustal contamination. It is inferred that the volcanism of the Malužiná Formation formed in a Basin and Range tectonic setting in which rifting followed collision of the Palaeo-Tethys ridge with the trench bordering southern Laurussia. This model can be applied to other Permian volcanic suites of rift basins in the Eastern Alps and Carpathians over a strike-length of about 1,000 km, which indicates the width of the slab window.

A low-alloy steel was nitrided in the downstream zone of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) discharge at low pressure (0.15–0.25 Pa). Structure and properties of the nitrided surfaces were primarily controlled by the substrate temperature Ts (300–550 °C), the nitrogen–hydrogen–argon gas mixture composition, and the substrate bias voltage Ub (−1000 to +40 V) at a typical value of the incident microwave power Pi=900 W, the distance of the substrate from output aperture of the ECR source was d=250 mm, and the nitriding time t=2 h. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to study the behavior of significant atomic and molecular species, such as N2, N2+, NH, H, Fe, Ar, and Ar+, in front of the nitrided sample. It has been found that due to a high plasma reactivity, nitriding is effective at substrate temperatures Ts⩾500 °C, when the surface hardness is about 1200 HV0.05 and a diffusion layer thickness up to 120 μm has been achieved for t=2 h. The presence of 10%–30% H2 in a nitrogen–hydrogen gas mixture enhances the efficiency of nitriding in comparison with treatment in pure nitrogen under the same conditions. For Ts⩾500 °C, the process is effective even for substrates at positive potential (Ub=+30 V) and for a lower amount of N2 (10%–30%) in a nitrogen–hydrogen–argon gas mixture, for which no compound layer is formed on the nitrided surface. However, the negative substrate bias voltage Ub enhances considerably the efficiency of nitriding only at lower substrate temperatures (Ts≈400 °C), when the nitriding is relatively weak.

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