Although changes of surface slope across a subglacial peak can be explained at least semi-quantitat i v e l y on a two-dimensional basis in terms of gradients of longitudinal and.shear stresses along a flow l i n e , we lack appreciation of flow i n the t h i r d d imension which may tend to cause lower layers to flow around rather than over a sharp peak. This paper c o l l e c t s and surveys evidence relevant to flow i n the t h i r d dimension and discusses the processes involved, p a r t i c u l a r l y the evidence from radio-echo l a y e r i n g , and also discusses possible reasons f o r the lack of radio-echo layers near the base of the Antarctic ice sheet.
In this paper, a method of estimating the acidity of such layers from RES is demonstrated, and results obtained from measurements near Crete, Greenland, compared with the published ice-core acidity profile from that site. Similar Antarctic RES data are presented which, it is suggested, give a broad indication of southern hemisphere volcanic activity to about 150 ka BP.
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