The growth and carotenoid biosynthesis of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis was studied by cocultivation with Lactobacillus helveticus in cheese ultrafiltrate containing 3.9% and 7.1% lactose. By growing this mixed culture in a 15-L fermentor MBR AG (Switzerland) at an air flow rate of 0.5 L/L min and agitation at 220 rpm for 6 days, a total yield of carotenoids of 268 mug/g dry cells wasobtained. Carotenoids were formed almost parallel with the cell growth, anda maximum production was reached at an early stationary phase. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system (HPLC) permitting simultaneous determination of major carotenoid pigments was used. The three main pigments (torularhodin, beta-carotene, and torulene) were formed in Rhodotorula glutinis, and reached a maximum concentration as follows: 182.0, 43.9, 23.0 mug,g dry cells. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on the synthesis of exopolysaccharides by Rhodotorula acheniorum MC were studied. The dynamic viscosity of cell-free culture broths during exopolysaccharide synthesis were measured. The highest values for the viscosity (10.14 MPa.s) and crude polysaccharide productivity (6.6 g/L) were obtained in a medium supplied with 5% sucrose. Ammonium sulfate was the most favorable nitrogen source for exopolysaccharide synthesis. The value of pH played a determinant role, and the obligatory condition for exopolysaccharide production was low (pH 1.7-2.0) during the fermentation. The chemical composition and sugar constituents of the crude exopolysaccharides were determined. Mannose was the main monosaccharide component, and its concentration was the highest (69.13%) in the crude exopolysaccharide synthesized in the medium that included 5% sucrose as a carbon source.
Yeast strains Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula minuta were isolated from a moss sample. Candida oleophila and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were isolated from a soil sample taken from Livingston Island. Antarctica. Fatty acid, phospholipid, sterol and tocopherol composition was determined in separated lipid fraction after fermentation in a medium containing glucose, peptone and yeast extract. Unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic (51-65%) and linoleic (9.5-16.8%), predominated in triacylglycerols. Sterols represent ca. 120-930 mg per kg dry biomass. The content of major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine) was ca. 100-800 mg/kg. The amount of tocopherols (mainly gamma- and delta-tocopherol) was 2.1-6.3 mg/kg.
Five yeast strains were isolated from soil and moss samples from the Livingston Island (Antarctica) and identified according to morphological cultural and physiological characteristics. All strains had an optimum growth temperature of 15 degrees C: none grew above 25 degrees C. They assimilated D-glucose, D-galactose, sucrose, cellobiose, trehalose, 2-keto-D-gluconate, D-xylose, D-ribose and melezitose. Four of them were nonfermentative, only one, which formed pseudomycelium fermented glucose, galactose, trehalose. Two strains were identified as pink-red yeasts belonging to genus Rhodotorula--R. minuta and R. mucilaginosa; two were related to the genus Cryptococcus--C. albidus and C. laurentii; one was Candida oleophila.
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