A framework is put forward which explains the shear behaviour of an unsaturated soil in terms of the total stresses and suctions acting within the soil. It is based on the critical state model for saturated soils, but incorporates the additional variables which are needed to formulate unsaturated soil behaviour. The effects of total stress and suction are considered separately, thereby avoiding the dangers of treating the two stress components as equivalent. The importance of the soil fabric is particularly emphasized, as in unsaturated soils the initial fabric is not destroyed by shearing to large strains. The contributions of total stress and suction to shear strength can be expressed as two individual stress ratios, both of which are heavily dependent on the degree of saturation. No unique void ratio condition holds for the critical state in unsaturated soils since the initial fabric is not destroyed by shear. However, a consistent set of laws can be defined, for a compacted soil, which represents possible states in which the soil can exist at ultimate conditions. L'article présente un cadre pour expliquer le comportement au cisaillement d'un sol non-saturé sous l'action de l'ensemble des contraintes et des succions agissant à l'intérieur du sol. Il est basé sur le modèle de l'état critique pour des sols saturés mais il inclut les variables supplémentaires qui sont nécessaires pour caracteriser le comportement des sols non-saturés. Les effets des contraintes et des succions sont considérés séparément pour éviter les risques encourus en traitant ces deux constituants de la déformation comme équivalents. On accentue l'importance de la structure du sol, car dans des sols non-saturés la structure initiale n'est pas détruite par le cisaillement jusqu'à des déformations élevées. Le rôle joué par l'ensemble des contraintes et des succions dans la résistance au cisaillement peut s'exprimer dans la forme de deux rapports séparés de contrainte qui dépendent beaucoup du degré de saturation. Il n'existe pas d' indice des vides unique pour l'etat critique dans des sols non-saturés, puisque la structure initiale n'est pas détruite par le cisaillement. Dans le cas d'un sol compact il est du reste possible de définir un groupe cohérent de lois représentant les états possible dans lesquels le sol peut exister à des conditions limites.

ABSTRACT. Compliance, or adherence, as it relates to health care is the extent to which a person's behavior coincides with medical or health advice. Medication compliance is critical for all aspects of pediatrics, specifically in successful treatment, disease prevention, and health promotion. Compliance depends on the patient's and physician's committing to the same objectives. It is unfortunate that numerous studies and physician accounts reveal difficulties in achieving compliance with pediatric medication therapy. Medication compliance in pediatric patients ranges from 11% to 93%. At least one third of all patients fail to complete relatively short-term treatment regimens. Poor compliance places children at risk for problems such as continued disease, complicates the physician-patient relationship, and prevents accurate assessment of the quality of care provided. This article presents the issue in the context of its incidence of and barriers to compliance and provides general principles to improve compliance in pediatrics by improving communication and characteristics of the practice setting. A oneon-one relationship between physician and patient is needed for communication and improved compliance. T his article is based on reviews of medical literature concerning compliance issues, on information gathered by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Taskforce on Medication Compliance, the AAP Periodic Survey (no. 44), and personal clinical experiences of the authors.As we begin the 21st century, the average medication compliance is ϳ50% in the pediatric population. 1 The range is from 5% to 15% for urban adolescent medication compliance to 85% to 95% for suburban newborn immunization compliance. There are a host of factors that affect medication compliance, but key among them include social and economic circumstances, particularly health literacy, patient belief systems, patient education, acceptability and palatability of the medication, and adverse effects of the medication. The costs of noncompliance to the health care are not trivial. Although not pediatric specific, the National Pharmaceutical Council estimated that $8.5 billion is unnecessarily spent annually on hospitalizations and physician visits caused by noncompliance to prescription regimens. 2 In pediatrics, it is necessary to deal with not only the issues of the patient but also the issues of the parent or other caregiver, which adds to the complexity of medication compliance.Medication compliance was well reviewed by Jones 3 in 1983, and little has changed since then in terms of medication issues. However, compliance issues are changing because dramatic shifts in the financing and organizing of health care already exert a negative effect on medication compliance. In response to increasing health care costs, particularly for prescription drugs, employers are instituting more restrictive formularies and shifting more of the costs to the employee through such innovations as multitiered copay systems. It remains to be seen whether parents who are f...

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Citation for published item:tquinD F eF nd eugrdeD gF iF nd qllipoliD hF nd ollD hF qF @PHHWA 9he strength of unstilised rmmed erth mterilsF9D q¡ eotehniqueFD SW @SAF ppF RVUERWHF Further information on publisher's website: httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFITVHGgeotFPHHUFHHIPW Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Rammed earth is a manufactured material comprising sand, gravel and clay, which is compacted between forms to build walls. Primarily a historic method of construction, it is now receiving considerable interest worldwide owing to its zero reliance on materials such as cement, and its potential for recycling. Despite its longevity, the source of its shear strength is poorly understood. This paper presents initial laboratory test results that point to the main source of strength in rammed earth being suction, and indicating that recent advances in unsaturated soil mechanics may also be applied to this material.

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